Problem 110
Write chemical equations and corresponding equilibrium expressions for each of the two ionization steps of carbonic acid.
Problem 114
Calculate the concentration of all species in a \(0.155 \mathrm{M}\) solution of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\)
Problem 117
Based on their molecular structure, pick the stronger acid from each pair of binary acids. Explain your choice. a. \(\mathrm{ HF}\) and \(\mathrm{HCl}\) b. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) or \(\mathrm{HF}\) c. \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\) Se or \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}\)
Problem 119
Based on their molecular structure, pick the stronger acid from each pair of oxyacids. Explain your choice. a. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) or \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{3}\) b. \(\mathrm{HClO}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{HClO}\) c. \(\mathrm{HClO}\) or \(\mathrm{HBrO}\) d. \(\mathrm{CCl}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\) or \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\)
Problem 122
Which is a stronger base, \(\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}\) or \(\mathrm{AsO}_{4}^{3-} ?\) Explain.
Problem 123
Classify each species as either a Lewis acid or a Lewis base. a. \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) b. \(\mathrm{BH}_{3}\) c. \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) d. \(\mathrm{F}^{-}\)
Problem 125
Identify the Lewis acid and Lewis base from among the reactants in each equation. a. \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}(a q)+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}^{3+}(a q)\) b. \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}(a q)+4 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(a q) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{4}^{2+}(a q)\) c. \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}(g)+\mathrm{BF}_{3}(g) \rightleftharpoons\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{NBF}_{3}(s)\)
Problem 126
Identify the Lewis acid and Lewis base from among the reactants in each equation. a. \(\mathrm{Ag}^{+}(a q)+2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(a q) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ag}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2}^{+}(a q)\) b. \(\mathrm{AlBr}_{3}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{NAlBr}_{3}\) c. \(\mathrm{F}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{BF}_{3}(a q) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{BF}_{4}^{-}(a q)\)
Problem 133
Acid rain over the Great Lakes has a pH of about \(4.5 .\) Calculate the \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]\) of this rain and compare that value to the \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]\) of rain over the West Coast that has a pH of \(5.4 .\) How many times more concentrated is the acid in rain over the Great Lakes?
Problem 134
White wines tend to be more acidic than red wines. Find the \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]\) in a Sauvignon Blanc with a \(\mathrm{pH}\) of 3.23 and a Cabernet Sauvignon with a pH of \(3.64 .\) How many times more acidic is the Sauvignon Blanc?
