Question

Have each member of your group select one of the molecules shown below and complete steps a-d. Each member should then present his or her results to the rest of the group, explaining the reasoning used to determine the answers. \(\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{CS}_{2} & \mathrm{NCl}_{3} & \mathrm{CF}_{4} & \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~F}_{2}\end{array}\) a. Draw the Lewis dot structure. b. Determine the molecular geometry and draw it accurately. c. Indicate the polarity of any polar bonds within the structure. d. Classify the molecule as polar or nonpolar.

Short answer

CS2 is linear and nonpolar; NCl3 is trigonal pyramidal and polar; CF4 is tetrahedral and nonpolar; CH2F2 is tetrahedral and polar due to the asymmetrical distribution of polar bonds.

Step-by-step solution

Drawing Lewis Dot Structures

For each molecule, count the total number of valence electrons. Arrange them to satisfy the octet rule (duet for hydrogen) with the least electronegative atom as the central atom. Use pairs to form bonds and distribute the remaining electrons as lone pairs to fulfill the octet/duet requirement.

Determining Molecular Geometry

Using VSEPR theory, determine the shape of the molecule by considering the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs around the central atom. Arrange the molecular geometry to minimize electron-pair repulsion.

Indicating Polarity of Bonds

For each bond, determine the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms. If there is a difference, the bond is polarized towards the more electronegative atom. Show the direction of the polarity with an arrow ( +--> ).

Classifying the Molecule as Polar or Nonpolar

A molecule is polar if it has polar bonds and an asymmetric geometry that does not cancel out the bond polarities. If there is symmetry such that the bond polarities cancel out, or if there are no polar bonds, the molecule is nonpolar.

Key concepts

Lewis Dot Structures

Lewis dot structures are visual representations of the valence electrons in an atom, molecule, or ion. These structures are fundamental for understanding chemical bonding and molecule formation.

Creating a Lewis structure involves several steps. Firstly, you need to count all the valence electrons available from the atoms involved. Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons that are available for forming bonds. Once the electrons are counted, they are arranged around the individual atoms, with dots representing the electrons. The goal is to use these electrons to form bonds between atoms and complete the octets of each atom, achieving a stable electronic configuration similar to that of noble gases.

Practice with Mnemonics

Remembering this can be made easier with mnemonics such as 'Every Good Boy Deserves Fun' or 'BAGELS' - representing valence electrons, octet rule, and bonds respectively. Students can come up with their own mnemonic devices to help memorize the steps needed to draw Lewis structures effectively.

VSEPR Theory

The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory is used to predict the three-dimensional shape of molecules. According to this theory, electron pairs around a central atom will arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion.

Each pair of electrons, whether in a bond or as a lone pair, takes up space and repels other electron pairs. The geometry of the molecule is then determined by the number of these 'regions of electron density'. A simple way to visualize this is by imagining balloons tied together at a central point; they naturally push away from each other.

Shapes and Angles

Key geometrical shapes that emerge from VSEPR include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. Associating these shapes with common objects, like a tripod for trigonal planar or a pyramid for tetrahedral, can aid in understanding and remembering the concept.

Bond Polarity

Bond polarity occurs when there is a difference in electronegativity between the two atoms involved in a bond. Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons towards itself.

In a polar covalent bond, the atom with the higher electronegativity will draw the shared electrons closer to itself, causing a partial negative charge on that atom and a partial positive charge on the other. The result is a dipole, a bond with two opposite charges separated by a distance.

Understanding Through Comparison

Comparing bond polarity to a game of tug-of-war can help illustrate the concept. If both players have equal strength (electronegativity), the rope (electrons) stays in the middle, representing a nonpolar bond. If one player is stronger, they pull the rope towards them, indicating bond polarity.

Molecule Polarity

Molecule polarity is not just about having polar bonds; the overall shape of the molecule plays a crucial role. For a molecule to be polar, it must have polar bonds, and the molecule must lack symmetry such that the bond polarities do not cancel out.

Water, for instance, has a bent shape and polar O-H bonds, making it a polar molecule. In contrast, carbon dioxide has polar C=O bonds but is linear, so the polarities oppose each other and cancel out, rendering the molecule nonpolar.

Examples in Everyday Life

Illustrating polarity with real-life examples, such as water's solubility characteristics or oil's incapacity to mix with water due to their polar and nonpolar natures, respectively, can provide tangible context for the concept.