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Name all the aldehydes and ketones that have the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
The aldehydes and ketones with the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O are: Aldehydes: 1. Pentanal (H - (CH₂)₃ - CHO) Ketones: 1. Pentan-2-one (H - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - (CH₂)₃ - H) 2. Pentan-3-one (H - CH₂ - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - (CH₂)₂ - H) 3. 3-Methylbutan-2-one (CH₃ - C (CH₃) - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - CH₂ - CH₃)

Step by step solution

01

Identify the possible linear aldehydes with the given molecular formula

To find linear aldehydes with the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O, we need to consider that the aldehydes will have a terminal carbonyl group (\(\mathrm{-CHO}\)). Since there are 5 carbon atoms in total, the linear structures can be as follows: 1. H - (CH₂)₃ - CHO We have only one possible linear aldehyde structure.
02

Identify the possible linear ketones with the given molecular formula

To find linear ketones with the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O, we need to consider the ketone functional group, \(\mathrm{C=O}\), which must be present at an internal carbon position. The possible linear ketone structures include: 1. H - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - (CH₂)₃ - H 2. H - CH₂ - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - (CH₂)₂ - H These are the two possible linear ketone structures.
03

Identify the possible branched aldehydes with the given molecular formula

For the given molecular formula, aldehydes must always be at the terminal carbon atom and cannot be present at the branching position. Therefore, there are no additional branched aldehydes apart from the one we found in step 1.
04

Identify the possible branched ketones with the given molecular formula

To find branched ketones with the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O, we need to consider that the \(\mathrm{C=O}\) group can be present at an internal carbon position, and we need to find all possible arrangements for the hydrocarbon chain for five carbon atoms. The branched structure for five carbon atoms would be isopropyl, with central carbon as a branch point. The possible branched ketone structures include: 1. CH₃ - C (CH₃) - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - CH₂ - CH₃ This is the only possible branched ketone structure.
05

Compile the list of aldehydes and ketones with the given molecular formula

Based on steps 1-4, we can conclude that the aldehydes and ketones with the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O are: Aldehydes: 1. Pentanal (H - (CH₂)₃ - CHO) Ketones: 1. Pentan-2-one (H - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - (CH₂)₃ - H) 2. Pentan-3-one (H - CH₂ - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - (CH₂)₂ - H) 3. 3-Methylbutan-2-one (CH₃ - C (CH₃) - \(\mathrm{CO}\) - CH₂ - CH₃)

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Linear Aldehydes
Linear aldehydes are organic compounds that have a carbonyl group (\(\mathrm{-CHO}\)) attached to an end carbon atom in their carbon chain. They are characterized by having the general formula \(\mathrm{C}ⁿ\mathrm{H}^{2n+2}\mathrm{O}\) for alkanals, where \(n\) represents the number of carbon atoms. In the case of the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_5\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O}\), we have five carbon atoms forming a straight (or linear) chain. Therefore, the only possible structure for a linear aldehyde with this formula is pentanal. Pentanal features four methylene groups \((\mathrm{-CH}_2-)\) connected in a row leading up to a terminal \(\mathrm{CHO}\) group. This gives it the structure: \(\mathrm{H} - (\mathrm{CH}_2)_3 - \mathrm{CHO}\). Pentanal is the sole linear aldehyde possible with this molecular formula.
Linear Ketones
Linear ketones, like aldehydes, have a carbonyl group \((\mathrm{C=O})\) but differ in its placement, being internal rather than terminal. Ketones can be viewed as having the structure \(\mathrm{R} - \mathrm{CO} - \mathrm{R}'\), where \(\mathrm{R}\) and \(\mathrm{R}'\) are carbon chains. For a ketone to be linear, these groups need to form a straight chain around the carbonyl group. With the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_5\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O}\), you can have different structures.
  • Pentan-2-one: where the carbonyl group is placed between the second and third carbon. Structurally, it is represented by \(\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{CO} - (\mathrm{CH}_2)_3 - \mathrm{H}\).
  • Pentan-3-one: the carbonyl group here is positioned between the third and fourth carbon atoms. Its structure can be sketched as \(\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{CH}_2 - \mathrm{CO} - (\mathrm{CH}_2)_2 - \mathrm{H}\).
These are the two linear ketone structures possible with this molecular formula.
Branched Ketones
Branched ketones occur when the carbon chain in a ketone is not a simple straight line but includes branching. It involves substituents along the carbon chain, forming a more complex molecule. In the context of the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_5\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O}\), one common type of branching is seen in isopropyl groups. For example, a prominent branched ketone with this formula is 3-methylbutan-2-one.
In 3-methylbutan-2-one, the branching allows for the appearance of a methyl group \((\mathrm{-CH}_3)\) as a side branch off the main chain, which significantly influences the properties of the compound. Its detailed structure is \(\mathrm{CH}_3 - \mathrm{C} (\mathrm{CH}_3) - \mathrm{CO} - \mathrm{CH}_2 - \mathrm{CH}_3\). This is the distinct and only branched ketone for the given formula.
Molecular Formula C₅H₁₀O
The molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_5\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O}\) indicates an organic compound that includes five carbon atoms, ten hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. This formula can represent either an aldehyde or ketone, depending on the location of the carbonyl group.
For aldehydes and ketones, the diversity in structures is primarily due to the position and connectivity of the carbonyl group.
  • Aldehydes typically have the \(\mathrm{CHO}\) group at the end of the carbon chain, resulting in fewer structural isomers, like pentanal.
  • Ketones have the carbonyl group situated within the carbon chain, either linearly or branched, leading to a variety of structural isomers. The ketone variations for this formula are pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one, and 3-methylbutan-2-one.
Understanding how to identify and categorize these compounds lays the foundation for more complex structural and functional analyses in organic chemistry.

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