For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of
these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections
on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon
derivatives.
a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather
than being isolated from nature, was ____ ,which was prepared from _______.
b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said
to be _________.
c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon
atoms in alkanes is _______.
d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said
to be _______ alkanes.
e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the
same number of each type of atom but exhibit different arrangements of the
_____ between those atoms.
f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _____
added to a root name that indicates
the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
g.For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the
number of carbon atoms in the _______ continuous chain in the molecule.
h.The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule
are indicated by the _______ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are
attached.
i. The major use of alkanes has been in _______ reactions, as a source of heat
and light.
j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo
________ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of
the alkane.
k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid,
complete _______ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the
carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.
l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of
__________.
m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called ______
hydrocarbons.
n.An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to
an organic molecule is called a ______ group.
o.A _______ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group
attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.
p.The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the
hydrogenation of ______.
q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by ______ the of certain sugars by yeast.
r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain ______ the but they differ in where this
group occurs along the hvdrocarbon chain.
s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by of______ the corresponding
alcohol.
t. Organic acids, which contain the ________ group, are typically weak acids.
u. The typically sweet-smelling compounds called ____ result from the
condensation reaction of an organic acid with an ________.
