Question

Use the localized electron model to describe the bonding in \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\).

Short answer

The bonding in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) using the localized electron model can be described as follows: A central Carbon (C) atom covalently bonds to four surrounding Chlorine (Cl) atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement with ∠Cl-C-Cl bond angles of 109.5°. Each Carbon-Chlorine bond is a sigma bond formed by the overlapping of atomic orbitals between Carbon and Chlorine atoms.

Step-by-step solution

Determine the electron configuration of Carbon (C) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms

We first need to determine the electron configurations for both Carbon (C) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms: - Carbon (C) - Atomic number: 6 Electron configuration: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^2\) - Chlorine (Cl) - Atomic number: 17 Electron configuration: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5\)

Calculate the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom

Next, we need to determine the valence electrons of Carbon and Chlorine atoms: - Carbon (C) - Valence electrons: 4 - Chlorine (Cl) - Valence electrons: 7

Find the total number of electrons in the molecule

We can now calculate the total number of electrons in the CCl4 molecule. Carbon contributes 4 electrons, and each Chlorine atom contributes 7 electrons: Total electrons = (1 x 4) + (4 x 7) = 4 + 28 = 32 electrons

Determine the structure of CCl4 using the localized electron model

Using the localized electron model, we can now determine the structure of the CCl4 molecule: 1. Place Carbon (C) in the center as it has the lowest electronegativity among the atoms. 2. Arrange the Chlorine atoms (Cl) around the Carbon atom (tetrahedral geometry). 3. Distribute the remaining electrons around the Chlorine atoms as lone pairs to complete their octet. Now, regarding the CCl4 molecule: - Carbon (C) forms 4 single covalent bonds with each Chlorine atoms. So, ∠Cl-C-Cl bond angle = 109.5° (tetrahedral arrangement) - Each Carbon-Chlorine bond is a sigma bond formed by overlapping atomic orbitals between Carbon and Chlorine. In conclusion, the bonding in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) using the localized electron model is characterized by a central carbon atom covalently bonded to four surrounding chlorine atoms in a tetrahedral geometry with ∠Cl-C-Cl bond angles of 109.5°.