Question

What is the difference between random error and systematic error?

Short answer

Random errors are unpredictable fluctuations in measurements that can be reduced by taking multiple measurements and averaging them, while systematic errors are consistent and predictable biases in measurements that cannot be reduced by averaging but can be eliminated by correcting the errors in the measurement device or procedure. The presence of random error indicates general uncertainties, whereas the presence of systematic error indicates specific problems.

Step-by-step solution

Understand what errors are.

Errors are uncertainties or inaccuracies in measurements and calculations. Error is the difference between the actual value and the measured value of a parameter or variable. There are mainly two types of errors: Random errors and Systematic errors.

Define random error.

Random error, also known as statistical error, occurs in an unpredictable way and varies in magnitude and direction. It arises from fluctuations or variations in the process of taking measurements, or due to environmental factors like temperature and pressure. These errors happen randomly and can cancel each other out to some extent. In other words, they can decrease with multiple measurements and averaging those measurements.

Define systematic error.

Systematic error, also known as deterministic error, is consistent and predictable. It occurs in the same direction and by the same magnitude every time a measurement is taken, resulting in a biased or inaccurate result. These errors are attributed to imperfections or errors in the measurement device, procedure, or human error. Unlike random error, systematic error does not decrease by averaging several measurements.

Compare random error and systematic error.

The main differences between random error and systematic error are: 1. Random errors are unpredictable and fluctuate in magnitude and direction, while systematic errors are consistent and predictable. 2. Random errors can be reduced by taking multiple measurements and averaging them, whereas systematic errors cannot be reduced by averaging, but can be eliminated by correcting the errors in the measurement device or procedure. 3. The presence of random error indicates general uncertainties or variations in the measurement process, whereas the presence of systematic error indicates specific problems in the measurement device, procedure, or human error.