Question

Four different structures (a), (b), (c), and (d) can be drawn for compounds named dibromobenzene, but only three different compounds actually exist. Explain.

Short answer

Only three dibromobenzene isomers exist due to benzene's symmetry, which reduces the four potential arrangements to three distinct compounds.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Dibromobenzene

Dibromobenzene is a benzene ring substituted with two bromine atoms. Benzene, being an aromatic compound, has a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds, which are resonance stabilized.

Generating Potential Isomers

The two bromine atoms can be positioned on different carbons of the benzene ring, leading to potential structural isomers. The positions can be on adjacent carbons (1,2- or ortho-), separated by one carbon (1,3- or meta-), or opposite positions (1,4- or para-). These are the only positions due to benzene's symmetry.

Examining Structural Symmetry

Due to the symmetrical nature of the benzene ring, some of these structures are indistinguishable. Specifically, placing bromine atoms in the 1,5- or 2,6- positions is the same as placing them at 1,2- or 1,3- due to rotational symmetry.

Concluding with Unique Isomers

Taking symmetry into account, only three unique isomers of dibromobenzene can exist: 1,2-dibromobenzene (ortho-), 1,3-dibromobenzene (meta-), and 1,4-dibromobenzene (para-), because these reflect the only distinct ways to position two bromine atoms due to rotation and reflection symmetry.

Key concepts

Benzene

Benzene is like the celebrity of the chemistry world – it's known for its unique, stable structure and its beautiful symmetry. Imagine a hexagonal ring made of six carbon atoms, with each carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. This structure is not just stable; it's special because of the alternating double bonds, which create a resonance effect.
This resonance is what makes benzene so stable, as it allows the electrons to be shared evenly across all the carbon bonds. This sharing gives benzene its characteristic aromatic properties – which means, simply, it's quite a "fragrant" molecule in the chemistry sense!
Aromatic compounds like benzene are fascinating because of how their structure affects their reactivity and makes them stand out from other kinds of compounds. Benzene is the starting point for many chemical reactions and compounds, making it a fundamental player in organic chemistry.

Structural Isomers

Structural isomers are like the different ways you can arrange the same set of Lego bricks. In chemical terms, they have the same molecular formula, meaning they consist of the same types and numbers of atoms, but their atoms are arranged differently.
For dibromobenzene, this means the two bromine atoms attached to the benzene ring can be placed in various positions, creating different structures, or isomers.

• Ortho- (1,2-) dibromobenzene has bromine atoms on adjacent carbon atoms.
• Meta- (1,3-) dibromobenzene has them separated by a single carbon atom.
• Para- (1,4-) dibromobenzene has them on opposite sides of the ring.

These positions affect properties like how the molecules interact in physical environments and chemical reactions. Despite these differences, all these isomers are based on the same benzene ring, illustrating the versatility and complexity of chemical structures.

Molecular Symmetry

Symmetry in molecules is as crucial as it is in everyday objects – it determines how things can fit together. In chemistry, symmetry can make two molecules appear the same even if they aren't identical at a glance.
Benzene's symmetrical nature leads to fewer unique structural isomers than you might initially think. Its hexagonal structure allows it to rotate and reflect in such a way that certain isomer positions are indistinct from others. For instance:

• The 1,2- (ortho-) and 2,3- positions end up being indistinguishable due to symmetry.
• Similarly, the 1,3- (meta-) and 1,5- positions coincide.

This symmetry simplifies the possible configurations, resulting in only three unique dibromobenzene isomers. Understanding molecular symmetry helps predict how molecules interact and react, making it an essential concept in chemical reactions and synthesis. A molecule's symmetry influences not just its physical properties, but also how it factors into larger chemical behaviors and reactions.