Question

Dr. DiMarchi proposed that switching the positions of two amino acids in human insulin would create an analog with a faster time profile. Is this a hypothesis or theory?

Short answer

Dr. DiMarchi's proposal is a hypothesis.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Hypothesis and Theory

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested and is not yet widely accepted or proven. A theory, on the other hand, is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.

Analyzing Dr. DiMarchi's Proposal

The proposal by Dr. DiMarchi to create an insulin analog by switching two amino acids is a suggested explanation that has yet to be tested through rigorous experimentation.

Distinguishing Hypothesis from Theory

Since Dr. DiMarchi's idea is based on a proposed change to insulin's structure with the expectation of a different time profile but is not yet proven, it fits the definition of a hypothesis rather than a theory.

Key concepts

Amino Acids

Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins. They join together in long chains to form proteins, which then go on to perform various functions in our bodies. Think of them as letters in an alphabet; when they combine in specific sequences, they create the 'words' and 'sentences' that make up proteins. There are 20 different amino acids that life on Earth uses to create proteins. These amino acids can bond in countless different combinations,
resulting in an endless variety of proteins.
Proteins play crucial roles such as:

• Enzymatic roles, catalyzing biochemical reactions.
• Structural components, providing support to cells and tissues.
• Signaling molecules, conveying messages within and between cells.

Amino acids have a unique side chain, which determines its properties and how it interacts with others. This is crucial for shaping proteins’ final forms and functions. In the context of insulin, switching the positions of certain amino acids might lead to significant changes in how quickly the insulin works, highlighting the interconnectedness of structure and function.

Insulin Analogs

Insulin is a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels. It's critical for individuals with diabetes, as they often need extra insulin to manage their condition. Insulin analogs are modified versions of natural human insulin. These analogs have been engineered to have different time profiles, aimed at mimicking the body’s natural insulin release more closely.
Advantages of insulin analogs include:

• Faster absorption for rapid glucose control after meals.
• Prolonged action for maintaining basal blood sugar levels throughout the day.
• Reduced risk of hypoglycemia, as their action can be better synchronized with a person's needs.

The modification in insulin analogs usually involves altering the amino acid sequence, which can change how insulin molecules interact at the injection site or affect how they bind to insulin receptors. By shifting amino acids, like Dr. DiMarchi's proposal, scientists can develop new forms of insulin that better fit the therapeutic needs of patients, offering more flexible and effective management of diabetes.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is a systematic way of learning about the world around us and answering questions. It is based on experimentation and observation. This method involves several critical steps that help scientists test hypotheses and build theories.
Here's how the scientific method usually works:

• Ask a question or identify a problem.
• Formulate a hypothesis, which is a testable prediction.
• Conduct experiments to gather data.
• Analyze the results to see if they support the hypothesis.
• Draw conclusions and, if necessary, refine the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is repeatedly tested and confirmed, it may contribute to developing a theory.

Dr. DiMarchi's idea about switching amino acids in insulin fits within this method. His proposal acts as a hypothesis that invites testing through experiments. Over time, if research supports his idea consistently, it could lead towards a broader understanding or even a new theory in insulin treatment. This process exemplifies how science moves from question through hypothesis to potential theory, always standing on the pillars of evidence and experiment.