Chapter 5: Problem 93
For which of the following reactions does \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}^{\circ}=\Delta H_{\mathrm{f}}^{\circ}\) ? (a) \(\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{S}(\) rhombic \() \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}(g)\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}(\) diamond \()+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)\) (c) \(\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{CuO}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)+\mathrm{Cu}(s)\) (d) \(\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}_{3}(g)\)
Short Answer
Step by step solution
Understand Enthalpy of Formation
Analyze Each Reaction
Check Reaction (a)
Check Reaction (b)
Check Reaction (c)
Check Reaction (d)
Conclusion
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Understanding Standard States
Standard conditions are defined as a pressure of 1 bar and a specific temperature, usually 298 K (25°C), although temperature can vary depending on what is being studied. For gases, the standard state is typically 1 bar pressure, for solutes in solution it is 1 M concentration, and for pure substances this means the pure liquid or solid under 1 bar pressure.
- Gases: 1 bar pressure, often 298 K.
- Solutions: 1 M concentration.
- Pure substances: 1 bar pressure in their stable form.
Introduction to Chemical Reactions
In a balanced chemical equation, the number and type of atoms on both sides of the reaction must be the same, reflecting the law of conservation of mass.
- Reactants: The starting substances in a chemical reaction.
- Products: The substances formed from the reaction.
- Balanced Equation: Same number of each type of atom on either side.
What is Enthalpy?
The change in enthalpy (\( \Delta H \)) during a reaction tells us whether a reaction absorbs or releases heat.
- Exothermic Reaction: \( \Delta H < 0 \), releases heat.
- Endothermic Reaction: \( \Delta H > 0 \), absorbs heat.
Exploring Heat Change in Reactions
For a reaction to have its \( \Delta H_{\text{rxn}}^{\circ} = \Delta H_{\text{f}}^{\circ} \), the reaction should involve the formation of one mole of a substance directly from its constituent elements in their standard states as in reaction (a).
- Positive \( \Delta H \): Reaction absorbs heat, not favorable without input of energy.
- Negative \( \Delta H \): Reaction releases heat, often favorable.