Chapter 16: Problem 35
Without referring to the text, write the formulas of four strong acids and four strong bases.
Short Answer
Expert verified
Strong acids: HCl, H_2SO_4, HNO_3, HClO_4; Strong bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)_2, Ba(OH)_2.
Step by step solution
01
Introduction to Strong Acids
Strong acids are acids that completely dissociate in water, releasing their hydrogen ions (
H^+
). These acids are well-known in chemistry for their strong acidic properties.
02
List of Strong Acids
The common strong acids that you should know include Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H_2SO_4), Nitric acid (HNO_3), and Perchloric acid (HClO_4). Each of these acids dissociates fully in water.
03
Introduction to Strong Bases
Strong bases completely dissociate in water and produce hydroxide ions (
OH^-
). These bases are often derived from group 1 and group 2 metal hydroxides.
04
List of Strong Bases
The common strong bases are Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)_2), and Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)_2). These bases are known for their complete dissociation in aqueous solutions.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Acid Dissociation
Acid dissociation is a pivotal concept in understanding how acids behave in water. When a strong acid dissociates, it separates into its constituent ions. This means that all of its molecules break apart, releasing hydrogen ions, often represented as , into the solution. For instance, when Hydrochloric acid is added to water, it dissociates completely to form and ions.
The complete dissociation of strong acids is contrasted with weak acids, which only partially dissociate in water. This means that not all the acid molecules break into their ions.
Examples of strong acids that commonly appear in chemistry problems include:
The complete dissociation of strong acids is contrasted with weak acids, which only partially dissociate in water. This means that not all the acid molecules break into their ions.
Examples of strong acids that commonly appear in chemistry problems include:
- Hydrochloric acid
- Sulfuric acid
- Nitric acid
- Perchloric acid
Hydroxide Ion
Hydroxide ions are crucial in the context of strong bases. These negatively charged ions occur when strong bases dissociate in water. Unlike acids, bases produce hydroxide ions instead of hydrogen ions.
When a base like Sodium hydroxide dissociates, it releases ions along with ions. It is these hydroxide ions that contribute to the basicity, or alkalinity, of a solution.
Strong bases include:
When a base like Sodium hydroxide
Strong bases include:
- Sodium hydroxide
- Potassium hydroxide
- Calcium hydroxide
- Barium hydroxide
Chemical Formulas
Chemical formulas are concise ways to represent chemical substances using symbols for their constituent elements. They are essential for identifying substances such as acids and bases in chemistry.
For example, the formula for Hydrochloric acid is . It combines the symbols for hydrogen and chlorine . Similarly, Sodium hydroxide is represented by , comprising sodium , oxygen , and hydrogen .
These formulas not only depict the types of atoms in a compound but also how many of each atom are present. This is indicated by numbers, as seen in Sulfuric acid , which shows two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxygen atoms.
For example, the formula for Hydrochloric acid is
These formulas not only depict the types of atoms in a compound but also how many of each atom are present. This is indicated by numbers, as seen in Sulfuric acid
- Using these formulas, chemists can write chemical equations to describe reactions.
- They provide a universal language for scientists across disciplines and regions.
Aqueous Solutions
Aqueous solutions are when substances, such as acids or bases, dissolve in water. The term 'aqueous' comes from "aqua," meaning water. These solutions are common in chemistry due to water's excellent solvent properties.
When a strong acid or base dissolves in water, it dissociates into its ions, resulting in an aqueous solution.
Aqueous solutions are integral in various chemical reactions, including neutralization reactions where an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt. Understanding these solutions helps explain how substances interact in different environments, influencing everything from industrial processes to biological systems.
When a strong acid or base dissolves in water, it dissociates into its ions, resulting in an aqueous solution.
- For acids, this means the release of
ions into the solution. - For bases,
ions are released.
Aqueous solutions are integral in various chemical reactions, including neutralization reactions where an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt. Understanding these solutions helps explain how substances interact in different environments, influencing everything from industrial processes to biological systems.