Problem 45
Use a solution of benzene in toluene to explain what is meant by an ideal solution.
Problem 46
Write the equations relating boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression to the concentration of the solution. Define all the terms, and give their units.
Problem 47
How is vapor-pressure lowering related to a rise in the boiling point of a solution?
Problem 48
Use a phase diagram to show the difference in freezing points and boiling points between an aqueous urea solution and pure water.
Problem 49
What is osmosis? What is a semipermeable membrane?
Problem 50
Write the equation relating osmotic pressure to the concentration of a solution. Define all the terms, and specify their units.
Problem 51
What does it mean when we say that the osmotic pressure of a sample of seawater is 25 atm at a certain temperature?
Problem 52
Explain why molality is used for boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression calculations and molarity is used in osmotic pressure calculations.
Problem 53
Why is the discussion of the colligative properties of electrolyte solutions more involved than that of nonelectrolyte solutions?
Problem 54
What are ion pairs? What effect does ion-pair formation have on the colligative properties of a solution? How does the ease of ion-pair formation depend on (a) charges on the ions, \((\mathrm{b})\) size of the ions, \((\mathrm{c})\) nature of the solvent (polar versus nonpolar), (d) concentration?
