Question

How many valence electrons do each of the following elements have, and what are the specific valence electrons for each element? a. Ca b. O c. element 117 d. In e. Ar f. Bi

Short answer

a. Ca has 2 valence electrons (\(4s^2\)). b. O has 6 valence electrons (\(2s^2 2p^4\)). c. Element 117 has 7 valence electrons (\(7s^2 7p^5\)). d. In has 3 valence electrons (\(5s^2 5p^1\)). e. Ar has 8 valence electrons (\(3s^2 3p^6\)). f. Bi has 5 valence electrons (\(6s^2 6p^3\)).

Step-by-step solution

a. Ca (Calcium)

Calcium is an alkaline earth metal and is found in Group 2, Period 4 of the periodic table. Its symbol is 'Ca' and its atomic number is 20. The electron configuration for Calcium is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2\). The valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level, which is the 4s orbital. Calcium has 2 valence electrons, specifically the \(4s^2\) electrons.

b. O (Oxygen)

Oxygen is a non-metal and is found in Group 16, Period 2 of the periodic table. Its symbol is 'O' and its atomic number is 8. The electron configuration for Oxygen is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^4\). The valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level, which is the 2s and 2p orbitals. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, specifically the \(2s^2\) and \(2p^4\) electrons.

c. Element 117

Element 117 hasn't got a common symbol, as it's a synthetic element that isn't found naturally. It's placed in Group 17 and Period 7 of the periodic table, and its atomic number is 117. The electron configuration for element 117 is [Rn] \(5f^{14} 6d^{10} 7s^2 7p^5\). As it's a member of the halogens group, we can infer it has 7 valence electrons, specifically the \(7s^2\) and \(7p^5\) electrons.

d. In (Indium)

Indium is a metal and is found in Group 13, Period 5 of the periodic table. Its symbol is 'In' and its atomic number is 49. The electron configuration for Indium is [Kr] \(4d^{10} 5s^2 5p^1\). The valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level, which is the 5s and 5p orbitals. Indium has 3 valence electrons, specifically the \(5s^2\) and \(5p^1\) electrons.

e. Ar (Argon)

Argon is a noble gas and is found in Group 18, Period 3 of the periodic table. Its symbol is 'Ar' and its atomic number is 18. The electron configuration for Argon is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6\). The valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level, which is the 3s and 3p orbitals. Argon has 8 valence electrons, specifically the \(3s^2\) and \(3p^6\) electrons.

f. Bi (Bismuth)

Bismuth is a metal and is found in Group 15, Period 6 of the periodic table. Its symbol is 'Bi' and its atomic number is 83. The electron configuration for Bismuth is [Xe] \(4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^2 6p^3\). The valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level, which are the 6s and 6p orbitals. Bismuth has 5 valence electrons, specifically the \(6s^2\) and \(6p^3\) electrons.