Question

How does each of the following affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid in an open dish? a. intermolecular forces b. temperature c. surface area

Short answer

The rate of evaporation of a liquid in an open dish is affected by the following factors: a) Intermolecular forces: Stronger intermolecular forces decrease the rate of evaporation as molecules require more energy to overcome these forces. b) Temperature: Higher temperature increases the rate of evaporation as the average kinetic energy of the liquid's molecules increases. c) Surface area: A larger surface area increases the rate of evaporation by exposing more molecules to the surrounding environment.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which molecules of a liquid escape from the liquid's surface and turn into a gas. This occurs when the molecules on the surface have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together. The rate of evaporation depends on several factors, including intermolecular forces, temperature, and surface area.

Effect of Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (molecules, atoms, or ions) in a substance. In a liquid, these forces tend to hold the particles together. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy is needed for the molecules on the surface to overcome these forces and evaporate. Therefore, as the strength of the intermolecular forces increases, the rate of evaporation decreases.

Effect of Temperature

As the temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid also increases. This means that more molecules will have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate. Consequently, the rate of evaporation increases as the temperature increases.

Effect of Surface Area

The rate of evaporation depends on the number of molecules that have enough energy to escape from the surface of the liquid. A larger surface area exposes more molecules to the surrounding environment, thus increasing the number of molecules that can potentially evaporate. As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation also increases. In summary, the rate of evaporation of a liquid in an open dish is influenced by the strength of the intermolecular forces, temperature, and surface area. Stronger intermolecular forces decrease the rate of evaporation, whereas higher temperature and larger surface area increase the rate of evaporation.