Question

Define the following terms: solid, liquid, gas, pure substance, element, compound, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, solution, chemical change, physical change.

Short answer

Solid: A state of matter with definite shape and volume; particles are close and vibrate in fixed positions. Liquid: State of matter with definite volume, no definite shape; particles are close but move more freely. Gas: State of matter without definite shape or volume; particles are far apart and move randomly. Pure Substance: Material with only one type of particle; can be elements or compounds. Element: Pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down; made of atoms and in the periodic table. Compound: Pure substance formed from two or more elements combining in fixed proportions; can be broken down chemically. Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform distribution of components throughout the mixture; same composition and properties in every part. Heterogeneous Mixture: Non-uniform distribution of components with varying composition and properties. Solution: Type of homogeneous mixture with dissolved solutes in a solvent; particles too small to see and do not separate. Chemical Change: Process where substances undergo chemical reactions and transform into new substances. Physical Change: Process where substances change physical properties without changing chemical composition.

Step-by-step solution

Solid

A solid is a state of matter characterized by its definite shape and volume. The particles in a solid are closely packed together, and they vibrate in fixed positions. Examples of solids include metals, rocks, and ice.

Liquid

A liquid is a state of matter with a definite volume, but no definite shape. The particles in a liquid are in close contact but can move around more freely than in a solid, allowing the liquid to flow and take the shape of its container. Examples of liquids include water, oil, and blood.

Gas

A gas is a state of matter with no definite shape or volume. The particles in a gas are far apart from each other and move randomly, filling any available space. Examples of gases include air, steam, and helium.

Pure Substance

A pure substance is a material made up of only one type of particle, meaning all particles have the same chemical composition. Pure substances can be elements or compounds.

Element

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Elements are made up of atoms and are represented by symbols in the periodic table. Examples of elements include oxygen (O), gold (Au), and carbon (C).

Compound

A compound is a pure substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed proportion. Compounds can be broken down into their constituent elements by chemical means. Examples of compounds include water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and table salt (NaCl).

Homogeneous Mixture

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the different components are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. The composition and properties are the same in every part of the mixture. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include air, dissolved sugar in water, and brass (a mixture of copper and zinc).

Heterogeneous Mixture

A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the components are not uniformly distributed, and the composition and properties may vary from one part of the mixture to another. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures include oil and water, sand and water, and granite (a mixture of various minerals).

Solution

A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture in which one or more solutes are dissolved in a solvent. The particles in a solution are too small to be seen by the naked eye and do not separate on standing. Examples of solutions include saltwater, air, and vinegar.

Chemical Change

A chemical change is a process in which one or more substances undergo a chemical reaction and are transformed into new substances with different compositions and properties. Examples of chemical changes include the burning of wood, the rusting of iron, and the digestion of food in our body.

Physical Change

A physical change is a process in which a substance changes its physical properties, such as shape, size, or state of matter, without changing its chemical composition. Examples of physical changes include melting of ice, boiling of water, and cutting a piece of paper.