Question

What type of solid will each of the following substances form?

$$\begin{gathered} \mathit{a}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{C}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{2}} \\ \mathit{b}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{S}\mathit{i}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{2}} \\ \mathit{c}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{S}\mathit{i} \\ \mathit{d}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{C}{\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{4}} \end{gathered}$$ $$\begin{gathered} \mathit{e}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{R}\mathit{u} \\ \mathit{f}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}{\mathit{I}}_{\mathbf{2}} \\ \mathit{g}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{K}\mathit{B}\mathit{r} \\ \mathit{h}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}{\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathit{O} \end{gathered}$$ $$\begin{gathered} \mathit{i}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{N}\mathit{a}\mathit{O}\mathit{H} \\ \mathit{j}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{U} \\ \mathit{k}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{C}\mathit{a}\mathit{C}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{3}} \\ \mathit{l}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{P}{\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{3}} \end{gathered}$$ role="math" localid="1663827562310" $$\begin{gathered} \mathit{m}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{G}\mathit{a}\mathit{A}\mathit{s} \\ \mathit{n}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{B}\mathit{a}\mathit{O} \\ \mathit{o}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{N}\mathit{O} \\ \mathit{p}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{}\mathit{G}\mathit{e}{\mathit{O}}_{\mathbf{2}} \end{gathered}$$

Short answer

The substances form the following solids:

a. Molecular solid

b. Network solid

c. Network solid

d. Molecular solid

e. Metallic solid

f. Molecular solid

g. Ionic solid

h. Molecular solid

i. Ionic Solid

j.Metallic solid

k. Ionic solid

l. Molecular solid

m. Network solid

n.Ionic solid

o. Molecular solid

p. Network solid

Step-by-step solution

Types of solids

Solids can exist mainly in four types known as ionic solids, molecular solids, covalent network solids, and metallic solids based on their intermolecular forces.

Compounds with ionic bonds form ionic solids.

Compounds with covalent bonds form covalent network solids.

Metal atoms form metallic solids.

Molecular solids are formed by discrete molecules that are bound by cohesive forces.

Types of solids formed by the given substances

1. CO₂ -When one carbon atom combines with two oxygen atoms, it forms carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a molecular solid as here molecules are combined by Van der Waals forces of attraction.
2. SiO₂ - In the SiO₂ , each silicon atom forms four bonds by constructing four Si - O single bonds. Since the SiO₂ formed by conversion of electrons across silicon and oxygen atom SiO₂ forms network solid.
3. Si - Silicon atom has a diamond cubic crystal structure and has the capacity to make covalent solid therefore is network solid.
4. CH₄ - The substance CH₄ is formed by combining weak van der Waal’s forces and therefore forming a molecular solid.
5. Ru - The substance Ru is made up of combining metal atoms by metallic bonds.
6. I₂ - I₂ is formed by a strong covalent bond and weak van der Waal’s forces; therefore I₂ is a molecular solid.
7. KBr - The substance is formed by combining ionic bonds; therefore KBr is an ionic solid.
8. H₂O - The substance forms a covalent form by combining with the same type of molecules by intermolecular forces, also called hydrogen bonding. So, H₂O is a molecular solid.
9. NaOH - The NaOH shows the capacity of making an ionic solid as the sodium and hydroxide has opposite charges.
10. U - The uranium has the capacity to form a metallic solid as it has a metallic nature like high melting and boiling point.
11. CaCO₃ - The compound CaCO₃ shows the capacity of making an ionic solid as Ca²⁺ and CO₃^2- have opposite charges.
12. PH₃ - The substance PH₃ is a molecular solid that is bonded together by van der Waals forces and has a low melting temperature and also acts as electrical insulators.
13. GaAs - The compound is bonded by covalent bonding, that is, the five valence electrons of As and three electrons of Gs share each other. GaAs is also used as a semiconductor. Thus GaAs is a network solid.
14. BaO - The substance BaO forms an ionic solid as the compound has barium metal and oxygen nonmetal.
15. NO - The compound has weak polar covalent bonds and contributes to dipole-dipole interactions, thus forming a molecular solid.
16. GeO₂ - The compound has the capacity to create an ionic solid as the germanium is metal and oxygen is nonmetal; therefore, they are formed by an ionic bond.