Chapter 14: 4DQ (page 599)
Which of the following would you expect to be more favorable energetically? Explain.
a. An H2 molecule in which enough energy is added to excite one electron from a bonding to an antibonding MO
b. Two separate H atoms
Two separate H atoms are energetically more favourable.
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The hybrid atomic orbitals have the following general form:
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where, androle="math" localid="1663746751426" represent orthonormal (normalized and orthogonalized) atomic orbitals. Calculate the values of Aand B.
Hot and spicy foods contain molecules that stimulate pain-detecting nerve endings. Two such molecules are piperine and capsaicin
Piperine is the active compound in white and black pepper, and capsaicin is the active compound in chili peppers. The ring structures in piperine and capsaicin are short-hand notation. Each point where lines meet represents a carbon atom.
a. Complete the Lewis structures for piperine and capsaicin, showing all lone pairs of electrons.
b. How many carbon atoms are sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized in each molecule?
c. Which hybrid orbitals are used by the nitrogen atoms in each molecule?
d. Give approximate values for the bond angles marked a through l in the above structures.
Describe the bonding in molecule and ion using the LE model. How would the molecular orbital model describe pi bonding in these two species?
The NMR spectra on the right are for the organic compounds C6H12 and C4H10O. Deduce the structures for these compounds. See Exercise 74 for a discussion of the bonding in organic compounds. The structure of C6H12 has one double bond, with the rest being single bonds, and the structure of C4H10O has only single bonds. Note that the TMS reference has been omitted in each spectrum.
Bond energy has been defined in the text as the amount of energy required to break a chemical bond, so we have come to think of the addition of energy as breaking bonds. However, in some cases the addition of energy can cause the formation of bonds. For example, in a sample of helium gas subjected to a high-energy source, some He2 molecules exist momentarily and then dissociate. Use MO theory (and diagrams) to explain why He2molecules can come to exist and why they dissociate.
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