Question

How many high-phosphoryl-transfer- the potential molecules are required to synthesize phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine and diacylglycerol? Assume that the ethanolamine is the activated component.

Short answer

3 high-energy molecules (2 ATP, 1 CTP) are needed.

Step-by-step solution

Identify the reaction components

To synthesize phosphatidylethanolamine, you need ethanolamine and diacylglycerol as substrates. The ethanolamine is activated by phosphorylation and subsequent attachment to cytidine diphosphate (CDP) to form CDP-ethanolamine, a high-energy intermediate.

Understand the activation process

Ethanolamine activation involves two phosphorylation steps. First, ethanolamine is phosphorylated to phosphoethanolamine using ATP. Second, phosphoethanolamine combines with CTP to form CDP-ethanolamine. This process consumes three high-energy phosphate bonds (two from ATP and one from CTP).

Recognize the synthesis pathway

In the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, CDP-ethanolamine reacts with diacylglycerol. This step doesn't require additional high-energy molecules as the energy is provided by the breaking of the CDP bond in CDP-ethanolamine.

Calculate the high-energy molecules

From Step 2, it is observed that synthesizing CDP-ethanolamine requires two ATPs and one CTP, totaling three high-phosphoryl-transfer-potential molecules.

Key concepts

Ethanolamine Activation

Ethanolamine activation is a crucial step in the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, a key phospholipid in the cell membrane. This process begins with the phosphorylation of ethanolamine, which is an essential reaction to make it reactive enough for further synthesis processes.
During the first phase of activation, ethanolamine undergoes phosphorylation by transferring a phosphate group from ATP, forming phosphoethanolamine. This initial step utilizes the energy contained within the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP, emphasizing the importance of ATP as an energy source in biosynthetic pathways.
In the subsequent phase, phosphoethanolamine joins with cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to create a highly reactive molecule known as CDP-ethanolamine. This intermediate is crucial because CDP (cytidine diphosphate) provides the necessary energy for the next reactions in phospholipid synthesis.

• This process consumes three high-energy phosphate bonds: two from ATP during ethanolamine phosphorylation, and one from CTP during the formation of CDP-ethanolamine.

Diacylglycerol Reaction

The reaction between CDP-ethanolamine and diacylglycerol is a pivotal step in forming phosphatidylethanolamine, where diacylglycerol acts as one of the primary substrates. This reaction is particularly fascinating as it directly involves the energy-rich intermediates prepared in the ethanolamine activation phase.
Within this reaction, the high-energy bond in CDP-ethanolamine breaks, allowing the ethanolamine portion to attach to diacylglycerol. This crucial step forms phosphatidylethanolamine without the need for additional high-energy transferring molecules because the energy required is derived from breaking the existing bond within CDP-ethanolamine.
This reaction showcases a common theme in cellular biochemistry: utilizing the energy stored in intermediate molecules to drive forward energy-demanding processes. By efficiently managing energy resources, cells achieve complex synthesis with minimal energy waste, illustrating the elegant improvisation of metabolic pathways.

• This means no extra ATP or CTP is needed during this step, making it energy-efficient post activation.

High-Energy Phosphate Bonds

High-energy phosphate bonds play a vital role in many biochemical reactions, including phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, because they act as energy currency in the cell. These bonds are found in molecules like ATP and CTP, which are used extensively to facilitate and drive endergonic reactions.
When we discuss high-energy bonds, we're referring to the unstable bonds in triphosphate groups that release significant energy upon hydrolysis. For example, breaking the bonds in ATP to form ADP releases energy that cells harness for various processes.
In the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine and diacylglycerol, three high-energy bonds are used in activating ethanolamine:

• Two ATP molecules provide energy for the phosphorylation of ethanolamine into phosphoethanolamine.
• One CTP molecule is used in the conversion of phosphoethanolamine to CDP-ethanolamine.

This strategic use of high-energy phosphate bonds reflects their pivotal function in living organisms, ensuring sufficient energy is available for biosynthetic operations, while also maintaining cellular efficiency and energy balance.