Problem 1
Suggest some possible reasons why glucose is fuel used by all organisms.
Problem 2
Match each term with its description. (a) Hexokinase (b) Phosphoglucose isomerase (c) Phosphofructokinase (d) Aldolase (e) Triose phosphate isomerase (f) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydro genase (g) Phosphoglycerate kinase (h) Phosphoglycerate mutase (i) Enolase (j) Pyruvate kinase 1\. Forms fructose \(1,6-\) bisphosphate 2\. Generates the first highphosphoryl-transferpotential compound that is not ATP 3\. Converts glucose 6 -phosphate into fructose 6 -phosphate 4\. Phosphorylates glucose 5\. Generates the second molecule of ATP 6\. Cleaves fructose \(1,6-\) bisphosphate 7\. Generates the second high-phosphoryltransfer-potential compound that is not ATP 8\. Catalyzes the interconversion of three-carbon isomers 9\. Converts 3-phosphoglycerate into 2 -phosphoglycerate 10\. Generates the first molecule of ATP
Problem 3
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are oxidation-reduction reactions. Identify the ultimate electron donor and electron acceptor.
Problem 4
Each of the following molecules is processed by glycolysis to lactate. How much ATP is generated from each molecule? (a) Glucose 6 -phosphate (b) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (c) Glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate (d) Fructose (e) Sucrose
Problem 5
Why is it advantageous for the liver to have both hexokinase and glucokinase to phosphorylate glucose?
Problem 6
In the liver and the pancreas, hexokinase and glucokinase phosphorylate glucose. Glucokinase is active only when the blood concentration of glucose is high. How might glucokinase differ kinetically from hexokinase so as to function only at high glucose levels?
Problem 7
Why is the isomerization of glucose 6 -phosphate to fructose 6 -phosphate an important step in glycolysis? How is the conversion of the fructose isomer back into the glucose isomer prevented?
Problem 8
The interconverison of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibrium. Yet the conversion of DHAP by triose phosphate isomerase proceeds readily. Why?
Problem 9
What is the role of a thioester in the formation of ATP in glycolysis?
Problem 10
Some of the early research on glycolysis was supported by the brewing industry. Why would the brewing industry be interested in glycolysis?
