Question

Active again. A mutation that changes an alanine residue in the interior of a protein to valine is found to lead to a loss of activity. However, activity is regained when a second mutation at a different position changes an isoleucine residue to glycine. How might this second mutation lead to a restoration of activity?

Short answer

The second mutation compensates for the first by allowing better protein folding or flexibility.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Impact of Mutations

A mutation from alanine to valine in the interior of a protein can cause a loss of activity due to increased bulkiness and possible disruption of protein packing or folding. This can affect the protein's stability or function, as valine is larger than alanine, and this change occurs in a region likely to be critical for the protein's active conformation.

Concept of Genetic Suppression

The second mutation, changing an isoleucine to glycine, serves as a 'suppressor' mutation. Suppressor mutations can restore activity by compensating for the negative effects of the initial mutation. In this case, the mutation to glycine may counterbalance the steric or conformational changes caused by the initial mutation, either directly or indirectly.

Analyzing the Role of Isoleucine to Glycine Mutation

Replacing isoleucine with glycine, which is smaller and more flexible, might restore activity by enabling better packing or flexibility in the region altered by the valine mutation. Glycine’s small size and flexibility could allow the protein to refold into a functional conformation, compensating for the rigidity introduced by the valine mutation.

Conclusion on the Molecular Mechanism of Restoration

The second mutation likely restores activity by altering protein folding or dynamics, alleviating the disruption caused by the first mutation. It highlights the delicate balance of structural changes affecting protein activity and illustrates how compensatory mutations can restore function by adjusting structural elements of the protein.

Key concepts

Protein Mutation Effects

Mutations in proteins can significantly affect their function and stability. A mutation replaces one amino acid with another, which may alter the protein's structure or how it interacts with other molecules.

• A mutation from alanine to valine introduces a larger side chain.
• This change can disrupt the protein's packing, particularly if located internally.
• Disruption in packing can affect the protein's active conformation, leading to loss of function.

You can imagine proteins as complicated jigsaw pieces. Each piece needs to fit just right. A mismatch can throw off the entire puzzle. In proteins, if one amino acid does not fit well due to its size or shape, the whole structure can misfold, losing its intended function.

Protein Folding and Stability

Protein folding is crucial for maintaining the structure and function of proteins. It involves the orderly assembly of amino acids into a specific 3D shape, vital for biological activity.

• Proper folding ensures that the protein reaches a stable, functional state.
• Misfolding, as caused by mutations, disrupts this balance.
• A misfolded protein may be unstable or unable to perform its function.

Think of protein folding like folding a piece of origami paper into a complex figure. A small mistake in a crease or a fold can change the final shape completely. Similarly, mutations in proteins can lead to improper folding patterns that affect their stability and function.

Suppressor Mutations

Suppressor mutations can "correct" or balance out effects of a previous harmful mutation. These compensatory mutations are crucial for restoring the function disrupted by the initial mutation.

• The initial mutation increased the size of the side chain within the protein's core.
• A suppressor mutation might introduce a smaller, more flexible amino acid, like glycine.
• This change allows the protein to refold correctly, restoring activity or stability.

Suppressor mutations show how dynamic and adaptable biological systems are. When a harmful mutation occurs, sometimes nature finds a workaround through another change. This is like fixing a car that doesn't drive smoothly because of a flat tire by replacing it with a better-fitting one. The overall system works again, despite the initial problem.