Question

Benzenediazonium chloride solvolyzes in water to give a mixture of benzenol and chlorobenzene. Some of the facts known about this and related reactions are 1\. The ratio \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl} / \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\) increases markedly with \(\mathrm{Cl}^{\ominus}\) concentration but the rate hardly changes at all. 2\. There is no rearrangement observed with 4-substituted benzenediazonium ions, and when the solvolysis is carried out in \(\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), instead of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), no \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{D}\) bonds are formed to the benzene ring. 3\. 4-Methoxybenzenediazonium chloride solvolyzes about 30 times faster than 4-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride. 4\. Benzenediazonium salts solvolyze in \(98 \% \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) at almost the same rate as in \(80 \% \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) and, in these solutions, the effective \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) concentration differs by a factor of 1000 . Show how these observations support an \(S_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) reaction of benzenediazonium chloride, and can be used to argue against a benzyne-type elimination-addition reaction with water acting as the \(E 2\) base (Section \(14-6 \mathrm{C}\) ) or an \(S_{\mathrm{N}} 2\) reaction with water as the nucleophile (Section 8-4, Mechanism B, and Section 14-6).

Short answer

The observations support an \(S_{N}1\) reaction due to the formation of a stable carbocation and exclusion of \(S_{N}2\) or \(E2\) based on rate independence from intermediates.

Step-by-step solution

Analyze Observation 1

The observation states that the ratio \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl} / \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\) increases with \(\mathrm{Cl}^{\ominus}\) concentration, but the rate remains unchanged. This indicates that \(\mathrm{Cl}^{\ominus}\) affects the product distribution, not the reaction rate, suggesting a post-equilibrium attack by \(\mathrm{Cl}^{\ominus}\), consistent with an \(S_{N}1\) mechanism where the carbocation intermediate is common to both products.

Analyze Observation 2

No rearrangement and no \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{D}\) bond formation indicates that the benzene ring remains intact and no bond breaks in it, which supports an \(S_{N}1\) mechanism involving carbocation formation without intervention at the benzene ring.

Analyze Observation 3

4-Methoxybenzenediazonium chloride solvolyzes faster than 4-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride. This suggests that electron-donating groups (like methoxy) stabilize the carbocation formed in an \(S_{N}1\) reaction, while electron-withdrawing groups (like nitro) make the carbocation formation less favorable, thus a slower reaction.

Analyze Observation 4

The almost unchanged rate in different \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) concentrations implies that the rate-determining step does not involve water as a direct nucleophile, ruling out \(S_{N}2\), where water would need to be present in significant concentrations to affect the rate.

Rule Out Alternative Mechanisms

The lack of rearrangement and the product ratio changes indicate that \(\mathrm{Cl}^{\ominus}\) interacts with a formed intermediate (carbocation), disfavored by either \(E2\) or \(S_{N}2\), which would require directly interacting nucleophiles (water in \(S_{N}2\) or strong base in \(E2\)). Therefore, an \(S_{N}1\) process via a stabilized diazonium ion exactly matches the observations.

Key concepts

Benzenediazonium Chloride

Benzenediazonium chloride is an organic compound with a diazonium functional group attached to a benzene ring. It's a white crystalline solid that is highly reactive and often used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

Diazonium salts, such as benzenediazonium chloride, are known for being good leaving groups, which makes them particularly useful in substitution reactions.

In the context of the SN1 reaction mechanism, benzenediazonium chloride can undergo solvolysis where the nitrogen gas (N₂) leaves, forming a positively charged carbocation. This is a key step in the SN1 reaction and crucial for understanding how product formation occurs.

Solvolysis

Solvolysis is a type of chemical reaction where the solvent, typically water or alcohol, breaks down the reactant compound. It is essentially a substitution reaction, where the solvent molecule replaces a leaving group in the substrate.

In the SN1 mechanism, solvolysis occurs when benzenediazonium chloride reacts with water to produce benzenol and chlorobenzene.

The process involves two steps:

• The formation of a carbocation intermediate.
• A nucleophilic attack by the solvent or another molecule.

Solvolysis reactions are often characterized by the existence of polar solvents. The polar nature of the solvent helps stabilize the intermediate carbocation, aiding the reaction process.

Carbocation Intermediate

A carbocation intermediate is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom. In an SN1 reaction, it's formed when the leaving group departs, leaving behind a positively charged carbon atom.

For benzenediazonium chloride, when the diazonium group departs as nitrogen gas, it leaves behind a carbocation. This intermediate is crucial because it determines the reaction path and the types of products formed.

The stability of the carbocation intermediate greatly influences the reaction rate. Substituents on the benzene ring can impact stability:

• Electron-donating groups (e.g., methoxy) stabilize the carbocation and accelerate the reaction.
• Electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., nitro) destabilize the carbocation, slowing the reaction.

The absence of rearrangement in certain solvolysis reactions, as noted in the exercise, supports the formation of a stable carbocation, rather than a more complex or rearranged structure.

Nucleophilic Substitution

Nucleophilic substitution is a reaction where a nucleophile selectively bonds to or attacks the positive or partially positive atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group. In the SN1 mechanism, the nucleophilic substitution involves two distinct steps.

The first is the formation of a carbocation intermediate after the leaving group departs. The second step is the attack by a nucleophile, which in the case of benzenediazonium chloride in water, can be either water itself or chloride ions (Cl⁻).

The possibility of nucleophilic substitution by both water and Cl⁻ results in the formation of two different products:

• Benzenol when water acts as the nucleophile.
• Chlorobenzene when Cl⁻ acts as the nucleophile.

The SN1 mechanism is characterized by a general preference for weaker nucleophiles in the substitution step because the reaction depends mainly on the formation and stability of the carbocation intermediate.