Question

If methyl iodide gives mainly \(\mathrm{C}\) -alkylation with the enolate anion of 2 -propanone, which of the following halides would you expect to be candidates to give \(\mathrm{O}\) -alkylation: tert-butyl chloride, phenylmethyl chloride, 3 -chloropropene, neopentyl chloride?

Short answer

tert-butyl chloride and neopentyl chloride are likely to give O-alkylation.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Problem

We need to determine which of the given halides are likely to undergo \(\text{O-alkylation}\) instead of \(\text{C-alkylation}\) with the enolate anion. \(\text{C-alkylation}\) usually occurs when the halide is a primary alkyl halide, as it leads to more stable transition states. We are looking for structural characteristics in the halides that could hinder \(\text{C-alkylation}\), such as steric hindrance or inability to form a stable transition state.

Examining tert-Butyl Chloride

Tert-butyl chloride is a tertiary alkyl halide. Tertiary alkyl halides tend to exhibit steric hindrance, making \(\text{C-alkylation}\) difficult, thus favoring \(\text{O-alkylation}\). This is because the bulky tert-butyl group can prevent the enolate from approaching the carbon atom directly, making \(\text{O-alkylation}\) more feasible.

Examining Phenylmethyl Chloride

Phenylmethyl chloride, also known as benzyl chloride, is a primary alkyl halide but has conjugation with the phenyl ring. It generally favors \(\text{C-alkylation}\) due to the high reactivity of the benzyl position, providing less steric hindrance compared to a tertiary chloride.

Examining 3-Chloropropene

3-Chloropropene is an allylic chloride, meaning the chlorine is attached next to a double bond. This compound can participate in resonance stabilization, which may facilitate \(\text{C-alkylation}\) via an allylic intermediate. It is therefore less likely to favor \(\text{O-alkylation}\) over \(\text{C-alkylation}\).

Examining Neopentyl Chloride

Neopentyl chloride is a primary halide with a highly branching structure. This branching causes significant steric hindrance, making \(\text{C-alkylation}\) difficult. Therefore, it presents a good candidate for \(\text{O-alkylation}\) because the steric hindrance prevents the enolate from easily approaching the carbon safely.

Final Decision

Based on steric hindrance and structural characteristics, tert-butyl chloride and neopentyl chloride are the most likely candidates to undergo \(\text{O-alkylation}\) instead of \(\text{C-alkylation}\) due to their increased steric hindrance at the carbon center.

Key concepts

C-alkylation

In organic chemistry, C-alkylation is a common reaction where an alkyl group is added to a carbon atom. This process occurs prominently with enolate anions. These anions are negatively charged molecules, commonly formed from the deprotonation of a carbon atom adjacent to a carbonyl group. The enolate anion then acts as a nucleophile to add an alkyl group to the carbon atom in a reaction called C-alkylation.

• Primary alkyl halides are typically used because they form more stable transition states during the reaction.
• The process is favored as it generally leads to the formation of more stable products.

However, in cases where the central carbon is hindered and less accessible, C-alkylation becomes less favorable. For example, when dealing with very bulky groups.

O-alkylation

O-alkylation is another pathway where the alkyl group is added not to the carbon, but to the oxygen of an enolate anion. This type of reaction becomes particularly favorable when C-alkylation is impeded by steric hindrance at the carbon site. Steric hindrance occurs when bulky groups around the central carbon atom make it difficult for reactants to reach and react with the target site.

• O-alkylation can occur more easily when tertiary alkyl halides are used, as seen with tert-butyl chloride.
• This pathway also finds favor with high steric hindrance, such as neopentyl chloride, because it reduces the competition with C-alkylation.

By changing the site of addition to oxygen, chemists can manipulate the reaction outcome based on the structure and steric demands of the molecules involved.

Enolate Anion

The enolate anion is a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis. It is derived from the deprotonation of the alpha hydrogen adjacent to a carbonyl group. This formation leaves the enolate anion with a highly nucleophilic character, making it capable of participating in a variety of reactions.

• The double nature of enolate anions allows them to react either at carbon or at oxygen.
• This characteristic flexibility provides chemists with multiple pathways for synthetic transformations, deciding between C-alkylation or O-alkylation.

Enolate anions are key intermediates because they can stabilize the negative charge through resonance between oxygen and carbon, making them excellent candidates for nucleophilic attacks on electrophilic centers.

Steric Hindrance

Steric hindrance is a crucial concept in organic chemistry that influences both reaction mechanisms and outcomes. It refers to the spatial limitations created by the size and spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule. Large, bulky groups can hinder the approach of reactants to the reactive sites.

• Tertiary and branching structures create significant steric hindrance, affecting the feasibility of C-alkylation.
• Reagents with high steric hindrance, like tert-butyl chloride and neopentyl chloride, are less likely to participate in C-alkylation.
• Instead, the presence of large groups around the carbon favors O-alkylation by steering reactions towards less encumbered pathways.

Understanding steric hindrance is essential for predicting and controlling the reactivity and selectivity of different pathways in synthetic chemistry.