Question

Devise a reasonable synthesis of each of the following compounds from the indicated starting materials. Assume that other needed reagents are available. (Not all of the syntheses involve aldol-addition reactions, but all involve at some stage or the other carbonyl-addition reactions.) a. propenenitrile from ethanal b. 1 -(trichloromethyl) cyclohexanol from cyclohexanone c. 2,2 -dimethyl- 1,3 -propanediol from 2 -methylpropanal d. 2 -(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexanone form cyclohexanone e. 2,3 -diphenylpropenenitrile from phenylethanenitrile f. \(\quad\) OH \(\quad 0\) from a compound with only one cyclohexane ring g. 3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone from an open-chain compound

Short answer

Follow specific synthesis routes to transform each starting compound into the desired product.

Step-by-step solution

Ethanal to Propenenitrile

1. Start with ethanal (acetaldehyde, CH₃CHO) as the base compound. 2. Perform an aldol condensation between ethanal and acetonitrile (CH₃CN) under basic conditions. The background reaction is: * Aldol condensation typically involves deprotonation of one molecule to form the enolate, which attacks the carbonyl group of another. Here, an analogous mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack of acetonitrile on the electrophilic carbon of the aldehyde. 3. This condensation yields an intermediate β-hydroxy nitrile, which is further dehydrated (elimination of water) to form propenenitrile.

Cyclohexanone to 1-(trichloromethyl)cyclohexanol

1. Begin by noting that cyclohexanone is to be transformed. 2. Perform a reaction with one equivalent of trichloromethyl anion (from something like CCl₃MgBr) via nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group in cyclohexanone. 3. Protonation of the oxyanion intermediate results in the formation of 1-(trichloromethyl)cyclohexanol as the desired product.

2-Methylpropanal to 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol

1. Begin by converting the 2-methylpropanal to its respective acetal form using ethylene glycol under acidic conditions. 2. Once converted, perform a Grignard addition using methyl magnesium bromide (MeMgBr) to add a methyl group. 3. Hydrolyze the acetal with acid to yield two hydroxyl groups, resulting in 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol.

Cyclohexanone to 2-(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexanone

1. Begin with cyclohexanone and react it with benzaldehyde under base-catalyzed conditions. 2. This utilizes the aldol condensation reaction to form a β-hydroxy ketone intermediate. 3. Dehydrate the β-hydroxy ketone to yield 2-(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexanone via elimination of water.

Phenylethanenitrile to 2,3-diphenylpropenenitrile

1. Start with phenylethanenitrile, which acts as the nucleophile. 2. React this with benzaldehyde in the presence of a strong base to perform an aldol-type addition, forming a β-hydroxy nitrile. 3. Dehydrate the resulting product to eliminate water and form 2,3-diphenylpropenenitrile.

Cyclohexane to OH Compound

1. Since the desired product has a hydroxyl group attached to a single cyclohexane ring, start from cyclohexane and introduce an epoxide on the ring through oxidation. 2. Use an epoxide-opening reaction with any suitable nucleophile under acidic conditions to introduce the hydroxyl group at the desired position.

Open-Chain Compound to 3-Methyl-2-cyclopentenone

1. Begin with a suitable dienophile such as an open-chain diene, and react it with an excess methyl ketone under Michael addition conditions. 2. Subsequently, perform a Dieckmann condensation to cyclize and form the ring structure. 3. Finally, manipulate the substitution pattern on the ring via methylation to complete 3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone synthesis.

Key concepts

Aldol Condensation

Aldol condensation is a fundamental reaction in organic chemistry, often used to form carbon-carbon bonds. This reaction involves the coupling of two carbonyl-containing molecules, such as aldehydes or ketones. The process begins with the deprotonation of a molecule at the alpha position, generating an enolate ion. This enolate ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of another molecule.

In the context of synthesizing propenenitrile from ethanal, the reaction partners are ethanal and acetonitrile. The nucleophilic acetonitrile attacks ethanal, forming a β-hydroxy nitrile intermediate. The final step involves dehydration, where a water molecule is eliminated, resulting in the formation of a double bond and creating propenenitrile.

• Important for forming C-C bonds.
• Involves nucleophilic attack by an enolate ion.
• Usually followed by dehydration for unsaturated products.

Carbonyl Addition Reactions

Carbonyl addition reactions are common in organic synthesis and involve the addition of nucleophiles to the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketones. These reactions play a critical role in transforming simple molecules into more complex structures.

In the formation of 1-(trichloromethyl)cyclohexanol from cyclohexanone, a nucleophilic addition reaction occurs. The trichloromethyl anion, often generated from reagents like CCl₃MgBr, attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of cyclohexanone. This results in the formation of an intermediate oxyanion, which upon protonation yields the desired alcohol.

• Involves nucleophilic attack on carbonyl groups.
• Forms new alcohol or carbon-carbon bonds.
• Essential for the transformation of carbonyl compounds.

Grignard Reagent

Grignard reagents are powerful tools in organic synthesis, characterized by the formula RMgX, where R is an organic group, and X is a halogen. They are highly reactive and serve as carbanions, allowing them to act as nucleophiles in many addition reactions.

When converting 2-methylpropanal to 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, a Grignard reagent, specifically methyl magnesium bromide (MeMgBr), is utilized. Initially, 2-methylpropanal is protected using ethylene glycol to form an acetal. The Grignard reagent then adds a methyl group, and subsequent acid hydrolysis removes the protective group, introducing two hydroxyl groups.

• Acts as a nucleophile in synthesis.
• Forms carbon-carbon bonds with carbonyl groups.
• Requires stringent conditions free of moisture.

Dehydration Reactions

Dehydration reactions are processes where water is removed from a molecule, often leading to the formation of double bonds or cyclic compounds. These reactions are pivotal in the creation of unsaturated or complex organic structures.

During the synthesis of 2-(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexanone from cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, dehydration is crucial. After forming a β-hydroxy ketone intermediate through aldol condensation, dehydration occurs. Water is eliminated, leading to the formation of a conjugated system, resulting in a stable molecule like 2-(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexanone.

• Involves elimination of water molecules.
• Creates unsaturated or larger cyclic structures.
• Enhances stability through conjugation in some cases.