Question

How is the ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$gradient established?

Short answer

The${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$gradient is established by pumping out the hydrogen ions from the matrix

Step-by-step solution

Given information

We need to find the way by which ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$gradient is established

Explanation

Because these sites operate as hydrogen ion pumps, a hydrogen ion gradient is established at Complexes$\mathrm{I},\mathrm{II},\mathrm{III}$. A hydrogen ion gradient is created when hydrogen ions are pumped out of the matrix and into the intermembrane region.