Question

Consider the following bonds :$\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}.$

(a) Which bonds are polar covalent ?

(b) Which bonds are non polar covalent ?

(c) Which bonds are ionic?

(d) Arrange the covalent bonds in order of decreasing polarity.

Short answer

(a) The bonds between $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}$ are polar covalent bonds .

(b) The $\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}$bond is non-polar.

(c) $\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}$are ionic.

(d) $F-Cl>Cl-O>Cl-Cl.$is the order of decreasing polarity.

Step-by-step solution

Part (a) Step 1: Given Information 

We need to find that Which bonds are polar covalent in $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}.$

Part (a) Step 2: Explanation

The bonds between $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}$are polar covalent bonds due to their different electronegativities which led to the unequal electron sharing resulting polarization.

Part (b) Step 1: Given Information 

We need to find that Which bonds are non polar covalent in $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}.$.

Part (b) Step 2: Explanation

The homo diatomic bond $\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}$is non-polar and covalent as the electronegativity differences is 0.

Part (c) Step 1: Given Information 

We need to find that Which bonds are ionic bonds in $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}.$

Part (c) Step 2: Explanation

We know that $\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}$are ionic bonds because the bond is formed between metal and non metal .

Part (d) Step 1: Given Information 

We are to Arrange the covalent bonds in order of decreasing polarity in $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Cs}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{O}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Cl}.$

Part (d) Step 2: Explanation

Greater the electronegativity difference between the constituent atoms, greater will be the polarity. The electronegativity order of the above nonmetals follows the order:$\mathrm{F}>\mathrm{O}>\mathrm{Cl}$. Therefore, the correct decreasing order will be$\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{Cl}>\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{O}>\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{Cl}.$.