Question

In biological systems, the RNA molecules direct the synthesis of specific proteins which are characteristics of each kind of organism. This process is known as (a) transcription (b) mutation (c) replication (d) translation

Short answer

(d) translation

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Question

The question is asking about the process in biological systems where RNA molecules are responsible for directing the synthesis of specific proteins. This process is a crucial part of how organisms express their genetic information.

Define the Terms

To solve the question, let's define each option: (a) Transcription is the process of copying DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). (b) Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence. (c) Replication is the process of copying DNA. (d) Translation is the process where ribosomes create proteins based on the sequence of mRNA.

Identify the Correct Process

Based on the definitions, the process where RNA molecules direct protein synthesis is called translation. During translation, ribosomes read mRNA sequences and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, forming proteins.

Choose the Correct Answer

The correct answer is option (d) translation, as it describes the process where RNA molecules are directly involved in synthesizing proteins.

Key concepts

RNA function

RNA serves as a fundamental component in biological systems with a variety of pivotal roles. One primary function of RNA is to act as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes. This messenger role, executed by messenger RNA (mRNA), is central to conveying genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Here, the genetic blueprints of DNA are translated into proteins.

Besides mRNA, other types of RNA contribute to cellular processes. Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are crucial for the protein synthesis process.

• mRNA — carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
• tRNA — responsible for bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
• rRNA — forms the core of a ribosome's structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.

These RNAs work synergistically to ensure proteins are built accurately and efficiently, reflecting their essential roles in maintaining cellular function and organismal development.

protein synthesis

Protein synthesis is the cellular mechanism of building proteins, essential for cellular structure and function. This process occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation.

• Transcription — In this stage, DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA carries the genetic instructions to the cytoplasm.
  
• Translation — Here, mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain by ribosomes. Each triplet of nucleotides, known as a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid.

During translation, tRNA molecules match their anticodon sequences to the mRNA codons. This brings the appropriate amino acids in sequence, creating a polypeptide chain. Eventually, this chain folds into a functional protein that performs specific tasks in the cell.

Protein synthesis is a highly regulated process, ensuring that proteins are produced only as needed. This regulation supports cell function and adaptation, making it integral to life and biological processes.

biological systems

Biological systems refer to the complex networks of biochemicals, organs, organisms, or entire ecosystems that function together to sustain life. One of the core components of biological systems is how they maintain and regulate critical processes such as protein synthesis to ensure the survival and proper functioning of living organisms.

In these systems, RNA and protein synthesis play foundational roles. Without the ability to produce proteins, cells would be unable to perform essential functions like catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, or transporting nutrients across cellular membranes.

• Cellular Level — Processes like protein synthesis are vital for the maintenance and repair of cells.
• Organ System Level — Systems like the nervous or immune systems are highly reliant on proteins to transmit signals and respond to pathogens.
• Ecosystem Level — These processes support the growth and interaction of organisms within ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and ecological balance.

Understanding these processes highlights the intricate and efficient design of biological systems, ensuring life persists and adapts to ever-changing environments.