Chapter 29: Problem 6
Carbylamine test is performed in alcoholic KOH by heating a mixture of (a) trihalogenated methane and a primary amine (b) an alkyl halide and a primary amine (c) an alkyl cyanide and a primary amine (d) chloroform and silver powder
Short Answer
Expert verified
The Carbylamine test requires chloroform and a primary amine with alcoholic KOH. Option (d), with these components, fits this description.
Step by step solution
01
Understand the Carbylamine Test
The Carbylamine test is a chemical reaction that is used to detect primary amines. It involves heating a primary amine with chloroform in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH). This test is specific for primary amines, which form isocyanides (or carbylamines) that have a foul odor.
02
Analyze each mixture option
Evaluate each provided mixture option to see which could lead to the conditions needed for the Carbylamine test:
(a) Trihalogenated methane and a primary amine do not match the test, as a single halogenated group is inadequate.
(b) An alkyl halide does not initiate the Carbylamine test because it lacks the necessary carbon-halogen bond structure like in chloroform.
(c) An alkyl cyanide and a primary amine will not form the test conditions since alkyl cyanide is not the reacting agent.
(d) Chloroform in combination with primary amines and alcoholic KOH is required for the reaction.
03
Choose the correct option
Based on the conditions necessary for the Carbylamine reaction, option (d) with chloroform and primary amine heated with alcoholic KOH fits the criteria for this test. Silver powder is not needed in this context, so disregard the last part.
04
Conclude the analysis
The correct mixture which performs the Carbylamine test is one that involves a primary amine and chloroform reacting in the presence of alcoholic KOH, which matches with option (d) before excluding the mention of silver powder.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Primary Amines
Primary amines are foundational building blocks in organic chemistry. They are organic compounds characterized by the presence of the \( -NH_2 \) group, which is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon or hydrogen atom.
They are often represented as \( RNH_2 \), where \( R \) is the alkyl or aryl group attached.
Primary amines serve as essential intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes.
Primary amines react distinctively in certain chemical tests due to this amino group, particularly in the Carbylamine test.
The critical feature of primary amines is their ability to produce isocyanides that emit an unpleasant smell, helping to confirm their presence in a sample.
This functional group reactivity makes primary amines easy to detect, ensuring they are of utmost importance in chemical synthesis and identification.
They are often represented as \( RNH_2 \), where \( R \) is the alkyl or aryl group attached.
Primary amines serve as essential intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes.
Primary amines react distinctively in certain chemical tests due to this amino group, particularly in the Carbylamine test.
The critical feature of primary amines is their ability to produce isocyanides that emit an unpleasant smell, helping to confirm their presence in a sample.
This functional group reactivity makes primary amines easy to detect, ensuring they are of utmost importance in chemical synthesis and identification.
Chloroform
Chloroform, chemically known as trichloromethane, is a clear, volatile, and dense liquid used widely in laboratories.
With its chemical structure given as \( CHCl_3 \), it is recognized for its ability to act as a solvent and a reagent in various chemical reactions.
In the context of the Carbylamine test, chloroform behaves as a reactive halogen-containing compound that facilitates the formation of isocyanides when heated with primary amines in the presence of alcoholic KOH.
This unique reaction showcases its distinctive role in distinguishing primary amines from other types of amines.
While historically used as an anesthetic, its usage has diminished due to safety concerns. However, its role in organic chemistry as a reagent remains significant.
With its chemical structure given as \( CHCl_3 \), it is recognized for its ability to act as a solvent and a reagent in various chemical reactions.
In the context of the Carbylamine test, chloroform behaves as a reactive halogen-containing compound that facilitates the formation of isocyanides when heated with primary amines in the presence of alcoholic KOH.
This unique reaction showcases its distinctive role in distinguishing primary amines from other types of amines.
While historically used as an anesthetic, its usage has diminished due to safety concerns. However, its role in organic chemistry as a reagent remains significant.
Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
Alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) pertains to a solution of KOH in alcohol, commonly ethanol, which alters its reactivity.
As a potent base, alcoholic KOH promotes elimination reactions, thereby facilitating the dehydrohalogenations and other critical reactions in organic synthesis.
This solution is crucial for the Carbylamine test.
The strong base environment it provides aids the necessary conditions for the formation of isocyanides when mixed with chloroform and primary amines.
This specific reaction milieu ensured by alcoholic KOH is what makes the identification test successfully occur.
Moreover, its non-aqueous nature helps in achieving the correct reaction conditions needed for the Carbylamine test.
As a potent base, alcoholic KOH promotes elimination reactions, thereby facilitating the dehydrohalogenations and other critical reactions in organic synthesis.
This solution is crucial for the Carbylamine test.
The strong base environment it provides aids the necessary conditions for the formation of isocyanides when mixed with chloroform and primary amines.
This specific reaction milieu ensured by alcoholic KOH is what makes the identification test successfully occur.
Moreover, its non-aqueous nature helps in achieving the correct reaction conditions needed for the Carbylamine test.
Isocyanides
Isocyanides are a class of organic compounds with the general formula \( RNC \), where \( R \) stands for carbon-based substituents.
They are noted for their strong, pungent odor, often compared to the smell of stale fish, which makes them detectable in small amounts.
In the Carbylamine test, isocyanide production is crucial as it indicates the presence of primary amines.
The reaction between a primary amine, chloroform, and alcoholic KOH results in the formation of these compounds.
Even though they are used less frequently in industry compared to other organics, their unique structure and properties make them valuable in research and educational exercises.
Despite their odor, isocyanides play a crucial role in advanced organic chemistry owing to their utility in synthetic applications.
They are noted for their strong, pungent odor, often compared to the smell of stale fish, which makes them detectable in small amounts.
In the Carbylamine test, isocyanide production is crucial as it indicates the presence of primary amines.
The reaction between a primary amine, chloroform, and alcoholic KOH results in the formation of these compounds.
Even though they are used less frequently in industry compared to other organics, their unique structure and properties make them valuable in research and educational exercises.
Despite their odor, isocyanides play a crucial role in advanced organic chemistry owing to their utility in synthetic applications.
Chemical Reaction Detection
Chemical reaction detection is a fundamental technique in chemistry utilized to corroborate the existence of specific functional groups or compounds.
It involves the application of predictable chemical reactions that imply the presence of a target molecule, often producing observable changes such as color, smell, precipitation, or effervescence.
In the realm of the Carbylamine test, detection hinges on the production and smell of isocyanides, providing a clear indication of primary amines.
This test exemplifies how chemical reactivity can serve as an analytical tool for substance verification.
These types of tests not only confirm the compound's presence but also validate the underlying chemical principles in practical scenarios, thereby enhancing the understanding of reaction outcomes.
It involves the application of predictable chemical reactions that imply the presence of a target molecule, often producing observable changes such as color, smell, precipitation, or effervescence.
In the realm of the Carbylamine test, detection hinges on the production and smell of isocyanides, providing a clear indication of primary amines.
This test exemplifies how chemical reactivity can serve as an analytical tool for substance verification.
These types of tests not only confirm the compound's presence but also validate the underlying chemical principles in practical scenarios, thereby enhancing the understanding of reaction outcomes.
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds.
It encompasses a vast array of substances, including not just hydrocarbons but also compounds with additional elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and more.
The study of organic chemistry is integral to understanding biochemistry, pharmacology, materials science, and many other fields.
Within this discipline, the Carbylamine test stands out as a specialized reaction that exemplifies core organic principles like functional group identification and reaction mechanisms.
This test underscores the discipline's ability to parse and manipulate complex molecular structures, leading to innovations in synthetic methods and analytical techniques.
It highlights how targeted reactions with specific conditions translate into practical applications, reflecting the broader utility of organic chemistry in everyday life and technology.
It encompasses a vast array of substances, including not just hydrocarbons but also compounds with additional elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and more.
The study of organic chemistry is integral to understanding biochemistry, pharmacology, materials science, and many other fields.
Within this discipline, the Carbylamine test stands out as a specialized reaction that exemplifies core organic principles like functional group identification and reaction mechanisms.
This test underscores the discipline's ability to parse and manipulate complex molecular structures, leading to innovations in synthetic methods and analytical techniques.
It highlights how targeted reactions with specific conditions translate into practical applications, reflecting the broader utility of organic chemistry in everyday life and technology.
