Question

The correct decreasing order of priority for the functional groups of organic compounds in the IUPAC system of nomenclature is (a) \(-\mathrm{COOH},-\mathrm{SO}_{3} \mathrm{H},-\mathrm{CONH}_{2},-\mathrm{CHO}\) (b) \(-\mathrm{SO}_{3} \mathrm{H},-\mathrm{COOH},-\mathrm{CONH}_{2},-\mathrm{CHO}\) (c) \(-\mathrm{CHO},-\mathrm{COOH},-\mathrm{SO}_{3} \mathrm{H},-\mathrm{CONH}_{2}\) (d) \(-\mathrm{CONH}_{2},-\mathrm{CHO},-\mathrm{SO}_{3} \mathrm{H},-\mathrm{COOH}\)

Short answer

The correct order is option (a): \(-\mathrm{COOH},-\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H},-\mathrm{CONH}_2,-\mathrm{CHO}\).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Functional Groups

To determine the order of priority among functional groups in IUPAC nomenclature, it is important to understand what functional groups are: they are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In IUPAC nomenclature, certain functional groups are given precedence over others when naming a compound.

List the Functional Groups

Let's list out the functional groups presented in each option:- Carboxylic acid: \(-\mathrm{COOH}\)- Sulfonic acid: \(-\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H}\)- Amide: \(-\mathrm{CONH}_2\)- Aldehyde: \(-\mathrm{CHO}\)

Determine Priority Based on IUPAC Rules

According to IUPAC rules, functional groups have a hierarchy of priority. The general priority order from highest to lowest for the given groups is: 1. Carboxylic acids (–COOH) 2. Sulfonic acids (–SO₃H) 3. Amides (–CONH₂) 4. Aldehydes (–CHO)

Compare Each Option with IUPAC Priority Order

Let's compare the options to the IUPAC order:- Option (a): \(-\mathrm{COOH}, -\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H}, -\mathrm{CONH}_2, -\mathrm{CHO}\) matches the IUPAC order.- Option (b): \(-\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H}, -\mathrm{COOH}, -\mathrm{CONH}_2, -\mathrm{CHO}\) deviates; sulfate should not precede carboxylic.- Option (c): \(-\mathrm{CHO}, -\mathrm{COOH}, -\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H}, -\mathrm{CONH}_2\) incorrectly places aldehyde first.- Option (d): \(-\mathrm{CONH}_2, -\mathrm{CHO}, -\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H}, -\mathrm{COOH}\) improperly lists amide before carboxylic.

Select the Correct Option

From the comparison, Option (a) is the correct decreasing order of priority based on IUPAC nomenclature.

Key concepts

Functional Groups

Functional groups play a crucial role in organic chemistry, as they determine the chemical properties and reactions of a compound. They are specific groupings of atoms within molecules. Often, these atoms consist of elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and others. For example, the carboxyl group (\(-\mathrm{COOH}\)) is a functional group commonly found in carboxylic acids.

Functional groups are essential for understanding how different organic compounds interact with each other. For instance, the amide group (\(-\mathrm{CONH}_2\)) can undergo reactions that are quite distinct from those involving an aldehyde group (\(-\mathrm{CHO}\)). Identifying and understanding these groups can greatly aid in predicting the behavior of chemicals in reactions.

In the context of IUPAC nomenclature, recognizing these functional groups is the first step towards correctly naming a compound or determining reaction possibilities.

Priority Order

Understanding the priority order of functional groups is vital in IUPAC nomenclature. This priority helps determine the suffix or prefix used when naming compounds. According to IUPAC rules, functional groups have a specific hierarchy. This hierarchy dictates the order of preference when it comes to naming the compound.

For example:

• Carboxylic acids (\(-\mathrm{COOH}\)) have a top-priority level, which means they are usually named with the suffix '-oic acid'.
• Sulfonic acids (\(-\mathrm{SO}_3\mathrm{H}\)) come next in line.
• Followed by amides (\(-\mathrm{CONH}_2\)).
• Aldehydes (\(-\mathrm{CHO}\)) are lower in the priority list.

The priority order influences how we structure the name of a compound, ensuring consistency and clarity in chemical communication. Understanding this priority makes the process of naming simpler, ensures no ambiguity, and aids in the universal understanding of organic compounds across the globe.

Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds allows it to create stable and diverse molecules ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex biomolecules.

A fundamental aspect of organic chemistry is the concept of functional groups, which enables chemists to classify and predict the behavior of various organic molecules. By mastering the characteristics and reactions of these functional groups, one can deduce the reactivity and stability of organic compounds.

This discipline serves as the foundation for many scientific advancements and applications like pharmaceuticals, materials science, and biochemistry. Organic chemistry is ubiquitous, influencing fields like medicine, environmental science, and even technology. By understanding the basic principles, such as how functional groups dictate reactions, students gain insight into the vast network of chemical reactions that maintain life and drive technological advancements.

Chemical Nomenclature

Chemical nomenclature is the systematic method of naming chemical compounds, and IUPAC nomenclature is the accepted international standard. It ensures that scientists across the world can consistently and accurately communicate about specific compounds.

One of the largest segments of chemical nomenclature is the naming of organic compounds, and it often begins with identifying functional groups. These groups dictate the base name or the suffix/prefix of the compound.

For instance:

• If a compound features a carboxylic acid group, its name will end in '-oic acid'.
• The presence of an aldehyde group will result in suffixes like '-al'.

The complexity of organic compounds necessitates a detailed and consistent naming system, and that's where IUPAC rules excel. They provide chemists a reliable framework to interpret the structure of compound names and predict their characteristics or reactions.

Chemical nomenclature is crucial in preventing ambiguity and confusion, enabling researchers and students alike to understand the vast array of compounds in organic chemistry effortlessly.