Question

Half-life period of the radioactive element \(X\) is 10 hours. Amount of \(X\) left in the 11 th hour starting with one \(\mathrm{mol} \mathrm{X}\) is (a) \((1 / 2)^{1 / 10}\) (b) \((1 / 2)^{11 / 10}\) (c) \((1 / 2)^{12 / 11}\) (d) \((1 / 2)^{1 / 11}\)

Short answer

The amount of \(X\) left in the 11th hour is \((1/2)^{11/10}\). Option (b).

Step-by-step solution

Understand the half-life concept

The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time taken for half of the original amount of the substance to decay. If the half-life of element \(X\) is 10 hours, it means that after every 10 hours, only half of the original amount of \(X\) will remain.

Set up the decay formula

The decay of a radioactive element can be described by the equation: \[ N(t) = N_0 \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t/T_{1/2}} \] where, - \(N(t)\) is the remaining quantity after time \(t\), - \(N_0\) is the initial quantity,- \(T_{1/2}\) is the half-life period, - \(t\) is the time elapsed.

Substitute values into the formula

Given the initial amount \(N_0 = 1\) mol, half-life \(T_{1/2} = 10\) hours, and we want to find the amount left after \(t = 11\) hours. Substitute into the formula:\[ N(11) = 1 \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{11/10} \]

Simplify the expression

Calculating a power involving fractions, the expression \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{11/10}\) simplifies as it is. Thus, \(N(11) = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{11/10}\).

Key concepts

Half-Life

The concept of half-life is important for understanding how radioactive decay works. Half-life is the time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay. For example, if the half-life of an element is 10 hours, after 10 hours, only half of the original amount of the element remains. Another 10 hours later, only a quarter (half of the remaining half) would be left.

In simple terms, if you start with a full amount of a radioactive material, over each half-life period, you'll have half of what you started with. This is a consistent process, meaning that no matter how much time has passed, at the end of each half-life, the remaining amount is halved again.

• If you start with 1 mol, after 1 half-life, you have 0.5 mol.
• After 2 half-lives, you have 0.25 mol.
• And after 3 half-lives, you have 0.125 mol, and so on.

This makes it a predictable and quantifiable way to understand how substances decay over time.

Decay Formula

The decay formula for radioactive materials allows us to calculate the remaining quantity of the substance after a given amount of time. It uses the relation involving half-life and the time elapsed. The standard formula is:

\[ N(t) = N_0 \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t/T_{1/2}} \]

Here, \(N(t)\) is the amount left after time \(t\). \(N_0\) is the original amount of substance you started with. The \(T_{1/2}\) represents the half-life of the material, indicating the interval at which the initial quantity gets halved.

• This formula shows that the remaining amount of a radioactive material lessens exponentially over time.
• The fraction \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t/T_{1/2}}\) conveys the continual halving process; \(t\) over \(T_{1/2}\) tells us how many half-lives have passed.

In practice, by substituting known values into this formula, you can compute how much of the substance is left after any given period.

Quantities and Units

In the context of radioactive decay, it's crucial to understand the quantities and units involved to precisely express and compute how substances change over time.

When dealing with the decay of an element, like in the exercise, we use mol as a unit for the substance's amount. A mol is a standard unit in chemistry representing a specific number of particles (usually atoms or molecules) of a substance.

For half-life \(T_{1/2}\), it's typically measured in units of time such as seconds, minutes, or hours depending on how fast the decay occurs. This is essential for consistency and accuracy in calculations.

• \(N_0\) is expressed in moles or similar units indicating amount.
• The time \(t\), during which decay is observed, should have the same unit as the half-life \(T_{1/2}\) to maintain the equation’s integrity.

Understanding these quantities and ensuring unit consistency allows accurate predictions of how much radioactive material remains after any given period.