Question

Match the following Column-I (Manufacturing process) (a) Deacon's process for chlorine (b) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils (c) Ostwald's process for nitric acid (d) Haber's process for ammonia Column-II (Catalyst used)] (p) Finely divided iron with molybdenum as promoter (q) Copper (II) chloride (r) Finely divided nickel powder (s) Platinum gauze

Short answer

(a) - (q), (b) - (r), (c) - (s), (d) - (p)

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the processes

Examine each process to understand its primary purpose and the chemical reactions involved. - Deacon's process: Used for the manufacture of chlorine. - Hydrogenation of vegetable oils: Used to solidify oils by adding hydrogen. - Ostwald's process: Used to produce nitric acid. - Haber's process: Used for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Identifying catalysts used

Match each process with the appropriate catalyst: - Deacon's process involves the oxidation of hydrogen chloride using a catalyst: typically, Copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂) is used. - Hydrogenation of vegetable oils utilizes finely divided nickel as a catalyst. - Ostwald's process for nitric acid production uses platinum gauze as a catalyst to oxidize ammonia to nitrogen oxide. - Haber's process for ammonia synthesis uses finely divided iron with molybdenum as a promoter.

Creating pairs

Write the pairs by matching items in Column-I with the corresponding items in Column-II based on the analysis above: - (a) Deacon's process - (q) Copper (II) chloride - (b) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils - (r) Finely divided nickel powder - (c) Ostwald's process - (s) Platinum gauze - (d) Haber's process - (p) Finely divided iron with molybdenum as promoter

Key concepts

Deacon's Process

Deacon's Process plays a crucial role in the industrial production of chlorine. This process involves the oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas, and it's dependent on the presence of a catalyst to facilitate this chemical reaction.
Here's how it works: First, hydrogen chloride ( \( HCl \)) is mixed with oxygen gas ( \( O_2 \)). When heated in the presence of Copper (II) chloride (\( CuCl_2 \)), these substances react to release chlorine gas ( \( Cl_2 \)), along with water ( \( H_2O \)).
The chemical equation for this process is as follows: \[ 4HCl(g) + O_2(g) \xrightarrow{CuCl_2} 2Cl_2(g) + 2H_2O(g) \] Copper (II) chloride acts as a catalyst, meaning it speeds up the reaction without being consumed in the process.
This ensures steady production of chlorine gas, which is indispensable in producing a wide range of products, from bleach to disinfectants.
Understanding this process underscores the importance of catalysts in chemical manufacturing, as they make otherwise slow processes commercially viable.

Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves adding hydrogen to a compound, a process widely applied in the food industry to solidify oils. This process transforms a liquid oil into a more solid form, such as the conversion of vegetable oil to margarine.
The method employs finely divided nickel as a catalyst to assist in the hydrogen addition. In a hydrogenation reaction, unsaturated fats, which have one or more double bonds, react with hydrogen gas ( \( H_2 \)). The presence of nickel facilitates this reaction, breaking the double bonds and saturating the oil.
The overall reaction can be simply represented as: - Unstaturated Fat + Hydrogen \xrightarrow{Ni} Saturated Fat.
The catalyst allows for the hydrogen atoms to attach to the carbon atoms in the fat molecules, converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats.
This alteration not only changes the state but also affects the oil's shelf life and melting properties. This chemical process effectively enhances the stability of food products, hence making them last longer and remain solid at room temperature.
But, while practical, it's important to note that this process can also create trans fats, which have been linked to health concerns.

Ostwald's Process

Ostwald's Process is essential for synthesizing nitric acid, a vital chemical in fertilizers, explosives, and many industrial applications. This method relies heavily on specific conditions and catalysts to be efficient.
In the Ostwald process, ammonia ( \( NH_3 \)) is carefully oxidized using oxygen gas ( \( O_2 \)) over a platinum gauze catalyst.
This catalyst is critical for accelerating the reaction speed and achieving the desired conversion. The reaction proceeds in two main steps:

• Ammonia is first oxidized to nitric oxide ( \( NO \)): \[ 4NH_3(g) + 5O_2(g) \xrightarrow{Pt} 4NO(g) + 6H_2O(g) \]
• This nitric oxide is further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide ( \( NO_2 \)): \[ 2NO(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO_2(g) \]

Later, nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to produce nitric acid ( \( HNO_3 \)), completing the cycle. Platinum gauze remains crucial throughout, as it remains unchanged while accelerating the whole process.
Through its effective use of catalysts, the Ostwald process demonstrates the power of catalysis in shaping industrial reactions, maximizing efficiency and output.

Haber's Process

Haber's Process is another cornerstone of industrial chemistry, primarily used for ammonia production. Ammonia is a key ingredient in fertilizers, essential for global agriculture. This process synthesizes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, leveraging high pressures and temperatures.
The detailed chemistry involves the reaction of nitrogen ( \( N_2 \)) with hydrogen ( \( H_2 \)) in the presence of a catalyst.
For this process, finely divided iron, often promoted by molybdenum, acts as the catalyst. The chemical reaction for ammonia synthesis is: \[ N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \xrightarrow{Fe} 2NH_3(g) \] Catalysts are crucial here to rupture the strong triple bond present in nitrogen molecules, thus allowing the reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate.
Moreover, the reaction is an exothermic equilibrium process, meaning it releases heat and is reversible.
The optimal conditions for the Haber process demand a careful balance of temperature, pressure, and catalyst presence to achieve efficient yields.
This innovation highlights how controlled chemical engineering can boost crop production, underscoring the synergy between chemistry and agriculture.