Question

Match the following (a) Oxygen (p) Octa atomic (b) Sulphur (q) Diatomic (c) Nitrogen (r) Paramagnetic (d) Chlorine (s) Diamagnetic

Short answer

(a) - (r), (b) - (p), (c) - (s), (d) - (q)

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Options

First, let's understand what each term means: - Oxygen (O): It is a diatomic molecule, and it is known for its paramagnetic property due to the presence of unpaired electrons. - Sulphur (S): Generally found as an octa atomic molecule (S₈). - Nitrogen (N): It forms a diatomic molecule which is stable due to the triple bond and is diamagnetic. - Chlorine (Cl): A diatomic molecule with paired electrons making it diamagnetic.

Match Oxygen

Oxygen is paramagnetic because it has unpaired electrons in its molecular orbital. It is also diatomic, consisting of O₂ molecules. - Match (a) Oxygen with (r) Paramagnetic.

Match Sulphur

Sulphur commonly exists as a molecule consisting of 8 atoms, known as S₈. - Match (b) Sulphur with (p) Octa atomic.

Match Nitrogen

Nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule (N₂) and is known to be diamagnetic as it has paired electrons. - Match (c) Nitrogen with (s) Diamagnetic.

Match Chlorine

Chlorine is a diatomic molecule, like most halogens, and it is diamagnetic due to its paired electrons. - Match (d) Chlorine with (q) Diatomic.

Key concepts

Diatomic Molecules

Diatomic molecules are simple molecules composed of only two atoms. These two atoms can either be the same or different chemical elements. The most common examples of diatomic molecules include chlorine (\(\text{Cl}_2\)), oxygen (\(\text{O}_2\)), nitrogen (\(\text{N}_2\)), and hydrogen (\(\text{H}_2\)). Such molecules are held together by covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons to achieve stability.

Here are some key points about diatomic molecules:

• Diatomic molecules are very stable because of the strong covalent bonds.
• They can be found in various natural and chemical processes, such as the nitrogen found in the Earth's atmosphere.
• Elements that naturally exist as diatomic molecules often have completely or partially filled outer electron shells.

Paramagnetic Properties

Paramagnetic materials are substances that can become magnetized in the presence of an external magnetic field. This is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in their atoms or molecules. Oxygen is a classic example of a paramagnetic molecule. It has two unpaired electrons in its molecular orbital, making it susceptible to magnetic attraction.

Some important characteristics of paramagnetic materials include:

• They are weakly attracted to magnetic fields compared to ferromagnetic materials like iron.
• The magnetic effect in paramagnetic materials ceases once the external field is removed, as they do not have permanent magnetism.
• These substances have positive magnetic susceptibility, meaning they slightly align with the magnetic field lines.

Diamagnetic Substances

Diamagnetic substances are materials that create an opposing magnetic field when exposed to an external magnetic field. This behavior is due to the fact that all their electrons are paired, canceling each other's magnetic effects. Most molecules, including nitrogen and chlorine, exhibit diamagnetic properties.

The primary features of diamagnetic substances are:

• They are repelled by magnetic fields rather than attracted.
• Diamagnetic effects are usually very weak.
• Diamagnetic materials have a negative magnetic susceptibility, indicating that they create a weak magnetic field opposed to the applied magnetic field.

Octa Atomic Molecules

Octa atomic molecules are molecules that consist of eight atoms. An example of such a molecule is sulfur (\(\text{S}_8\)), where eight sulfur atoms form a ring structure. These types of molecules are less common compared to diatomic or triatomic molecules.

Characteristics of octa atomic molecules include:

• The complex structure results in more intricate physical and chemical properties.
• They tend to form solid states at room temperature due to stronger intermolecular forces.
• Octa atomic structures stabilize the molecule and can influence its chemical reactivity and interactions.