Question

In \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) molecule which of the following molecular orbitals are lower in energy than \(\sigma 2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{z}}\) orbital (a) \(\sigma 2 \mathrm{~s}\) (b) \(\pi_{2 \mathrm{~m} \mathrm{x}}\) (c) \(\pi_{2 \mathrm{py}}\) (d) \(\sigma^{*} 2 \mathrm{~s}\)

Short answer

(a) \(\sigma 2s\) and (d) \(\sigma^* 2s\) are lower in energy than \(\sigma 2p_z\).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular orbital (MO) theory explains the distribution of electrons in a molecule through molecular orbitals that result from the combination of atomic orbitals. These molecular orbitals can be bonding, non-bonding, or antibonding.

Identifying the Molecular Orbitals of Oxygen

The order of molecular orbitals for molecules like \(\mathrm{O}_2\) generally follows the pattern: \(\sigma 1s < \sigma^* 1s < \sigma 2s < \sigma^* 2s < \sigma 2p_z < \pi 2p_x = \pi 2p_y < \pi^* 2p_x = \pi^* 2p_y < \sigma^* 2p_z\). This order shows which orbitals are lower or higher in energy.

Comparing Energies of Orbitals with \(\sigma 2p_z\)

Given the general order, we see \(\sigma 2s\) and \(\sigma^* 2s\) are lower in energy than \(\sigma 2p_z\). In this order, \(\pi 2p_x\) and \(\pi 2p_y\) are normally higher in energy than \(\sigma 2p_z\).

Conclusion

Based on the order of the molecular orbitals, the options lower in energy than \(\sigma 2p_z\) are:\(\sigma 2s\) and \(\sigma^* 2s\). Thus, choices (a) \(\sigma 2s\) and (d) \(\sigma^* 2s\) are correct.

Key concepts

Oxygen molecule bonding

To understand the oxygen molecule, or \(\mathrm{O}_2\), let's explore how its atoms bond. In simple terms, bonding in an \(\mathrm{O}_2\) molecule involves the sharing of electrons between two oxygen atoms. Each of these atoms contributes electrons from their outermost energy level, which enables them to form a stronger and more stable unit.
In the context of Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory, the combination of atomic orbitals of these two oxygen atoms forms molecular orbitals. These are spread over both atoms rather than being localized like in valence bond theory. This means electrons are not just confined to one atom but are in a shared orbital space.
The \(\mathrm{O}_2\) molecule is a stable diatomic molecule where the oxygen atoms form a double bond. This bonding double bond comprises one sigma (\(\sigma\)) bond and one pi (\(\pi\)) bond, both derived from the overlap of atomic orbitals. Such a bond nature helps in decreasing the overall energy of the resulting molecule, contributing to its stability.

Molecular orbital energy order

The order of molecular orbital energy plays a crucial role in understanding the bonding structure in molecules like \(\mathrm{O}_2\). Molecular orbitals formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals are organized by energy levels.
In the case of \(\mathrm{O}_2\), the molecular orbitals are arranged in the following sequence of increasing energy levels:

• \(\sigma 1s\)
• \(\sigma^* 1s\)
• \(\sigma 2s\)
• \(\sigma^* 2s\)
• \(\sigma 2p_z\)
• \(\pi 2p_x = \pi 2p_y\)
• \(\pi^* 2p_x = \pi^* 2p_y\)
• \(\sigma^* 2p_z\)

These inclusions of bonding and antibonding orbitals determine the structure and characteristics of the oxygen molecule.
Noticeably, the bonding orbitals \(\sigma 2s\) and \(\sigma 2p_z\) are lower in energy than their respective antibonding orbitals, \(\sigma^* 2s\) and \(\sigma^* 2p_z\). Understanding this order helps predict which orbitals electrons prefer to occur naturally, which indeed informs chemical behavior of the molecule.

Bonding and antibonding orbitals

Bonding orbitals and antibonding orbitals are fundamental concepts in molecular orbital theory. They dictate how atoms interact within a molecule.
**Bonding Orbitals** - These orbitals form when atomic orbitals combine constructively, meaning they overlap in phase.
- Bonding orbitals have lower energy than the original atomic orbitals, which stabilizes the molecule.
- In \(\mathrm{O}_2\), bonding orbitals are like \(\sigma 2s\) and \(\sigma 2p_z\), contributing to the molecule’s stability.
**Antibonding Orbitals** - These appear when atomic orbitals combine destructively, meaning they overlap out of phase with a node between them.
- Antibonding orbitals have higher energy than the original atomic orbitals and are denoted with an asterisk like \(\sigma^*\) and \(\pi^*\).
- For \(\mathrm{O}_2\), \(\sigma^* 2p_z\) and \(\pi^* 2p_x = \pi^* 2p_y\) are the antibonding orbitals, making them less favorable for electrons compared to bonding orbitals in terms of molecule stability.
Understanding these concepts clarifies why certain orbitals are lower or higher in energy, influencing the chemical properties of \(\mathrm{O}_2\) and many other molecules.