Chapter 22: Question 14 (page 1306)
Distinguish between counterbalancing and noncounterbalancing errors. Give an example of each.
The counterbalancing errors can be offset in 2 weeks, and non-counterbalancing errors offset in the next accounting period.
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Access the glossary (“Master Glossary”) to answer the following.
(a) What is a change in accounting estimate?
(b) What is a change in accounting principle?
(c) What is a restatement?
(d) What is the definition of “retrospective application”?
IFRS requires companies to use which method for reporting changes in accounting policies?
(a) Cumulative effect approach.
(b) Retrospective approach.
(c) Prospective approach.
(d) Averaging approach.
The management of Utrillo Instrument Company had concluded, with the concurrence of its independent auditors, that results of operations would be more fairly presented if Utrillo changed its method of pricing inventory from last-in, first-out (LIFO) to average-cost in 2017. Given below is the 5-year summary of income under LIFO and a schedule of what the inventories would be if stated on the average-cost method.
UTRILLO INSTRUMENT COMPANY STATEMENT OF INCOME AND RETAINED EARNINGS FOR THE YEARS ENDED MAY 31 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Sales—net \(13,964 \)15,506 \(16,673 \)18,221 \(18,898 Cost of goods sold Beginning inventory 1,000 1,100 1,000 1,115 1,237 Purchases 13,000 13,900 15,000 15,900 17,100 Ending inventory (1,100) (1,000) (1,115) (1,237) (1,369) Total 12,900 14,000 14,885 15,778 16,968 Gross profi t 1,064 1,506 1,788 2,443 1,930 Administrative expenses 700 763 832 907 989 Income before taxes 364 743 956 1,536 941 Income taxes (50%) 182 372 478 768 471 Net income 182 371 478 768 470 Retained earnings—beginning 1,206 1,388 1,759 2,237 3,005 Retained earnings—ending \) 1,388 \( 1,759 \) 2,237 \( 3,005 \) 3,475 Earnings per share \(1.82 \)3.71 \(4.78 \)7.68 \(4.70 SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY BALANCES USING AVERAGE-COST METHOD FOR THE YEARS ENDED MAY 31 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 \)1,010 \(1,124 \)1,101 \(1,270 \)1,500 $1,720
Instructions Prepare comparative statements for the 5 years, assuming that Utrillo changed its method of inventory pricing to average-cost. Indicate the effects on net income and earnings per share for the years involved. Utrillo Instruments started business in 2012. (All amounts except EPS are rounded up to the nearest dollar.)
On January 3, 2016, Martin Company purchased for \(500,000 cash a 10% interest in Renner Corp. On that date, the net assets of Renner had a book value of \)3,700,000. The excess of cost over the underlying equity in net assets is attributable to undervalued depreciable assets having a remaining life of 10 years from the date of Martin’s purchase.
The fair value of Martin’s investment in Renner securities is as follows: December 31, 2016, \(560,000, and December 31, 2017, \)515,000. On January 2, 2018, Martin purchased an additional 30% of Renner’s stock for \(1,545,000 cash when the book value of Renner’s net assets was \)4,150,000. The excess was attributable to depreciable assets having a remaining life of 8 years. During 2016, 2017, and 2018, the following occurred.
Renner Dividends Paid by
Net Income Renner to Martin
2016 \(350,000 \)15,000
2017 450,000 20,000
2018 550,000 70,000
Instructions On the books of Martin Company,
prepare all journal entries in 2016, 2017, and 2018 that relate to its investment in Renner Corp., reflecting the data above and a change from the fair value method to the equity method.
The following are three independent, unrelated sets of facts relating to accounting changes.
Situation 1: Sanford Company is in the process of having its first audit. The company has used the cash basis of accounting for revenue recognition. Sanford president, B. J. Jimenez, is willing to change to the accrual method of revenue recognition.
Situation 2: Hopkins Co. decides in January 2018 to change from FIFO to weighted-average pricing for its inventories.
Situation 3: Marshall Co. determined that the depreciable lives of its fixed assets are too long at present to fairly match the cost of the fixed assets with the revenue produced. The company decided at the beginning of the current year to reduce the depreciable lives of all of its existing fixed assets by 5 years.
Instructions
For each of the situations described, provide the information indicated below.
(a) Type of accounting change.
(b) Manner of reporting the change under current generally accepted accounting principles, including a discussion where applicable of how amounts are computed.
(c) Effect of the change on the balance sheet and income statement
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