Question

Match Column-i with Column-Il and select the correct option from the codes given below. Column-I \(\quad\) Column-II A. Mitochondria (i) Without membrane B. Lysosomes (ii) Single membrane C Ribosomes (iii) Double membrane D. Nucleus A B \(\quad\) C \(\quad\) D (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iii) (b) (iii) (i) (i) (ii) (c) (iii) (ii) (i) (iii) (d) (ii) (iii) (i) (iii)

Short answer

The correct match is option (c): A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii).

Step-by-step solution

Identify Membrane Structure of Mitochondria

Recall that mitochondria have their own DNA and are known as the powerhouse of the cell. This is due to their double membrane structure which separates the inner compartments and facilitates ATP production. Therefore, Mitochondria match with (iii) Double membrane.

Identify Membrane Structure of Lysosomes

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They are bound by a single layer, a single membrane, that separates the digestive enzymes from the rest of the cell. Hence, Lysosomes match with (ii) Single membrane.

Identify Membrane Structure of Ribosomes

Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They are not enclosed by a membrane and can be found either floating freely in the cell's cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, Ribosomes match with (i) Without membrane.

Identify Membrane Structure of Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, which houses the cell’s DNA and is involved in gene expression and DNA replication. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which consists of double membrane. Therefore, the Nucleus matches with (iii) Double membrane.

Match the Columns

By using the information from Steps 1 through 4, we can match each organelle from Column-I with its corresponding membrane structure from Column-II. We get the following matches: A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii).

Select the Correct Option

Based on the matching done in Step 5, we now select the correct option from the provided choices. The combination of A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii) corresponds to option (c).

Key concepts

Mitochondria Double Membrane

Mitochondria, often described as the 'powerhouse of the cell', have a unique double membrane structure that is critical for their function. The outer membrane is smooth and allows the passage of ions and nutrients. The inner membrane, however, is folded into structures called cristae, where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced through cellular respiration.

The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space, and the area enclosed by the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matrix. This compartmentalization is key to the organelle’s ability to generate energy efficiently. The double membrane of the mitochondria also plays an important role in the regulation of the metabolic processes, as different environments can be maintained on either side of the membranes.

Lysosomes Single Membrane

Lysosomes are spherical vesicles that contain a wide array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers – proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Enclosed by a single lipid bilayer membrane, this design prevents the digestive enzymes from leaking out and causing damage to the cell's own organelles.

The lysosomal membrane contains specialized proteins that transport the digested material back into the cytoplasm, and it also serves to sense and respond to changes in the lysosome's interior, such as pH changes. The membrane is responsible for maintaining an acidic environment optimal for the enzymes' activity inside the lysosomes.

Ribosomes Without Membrane

Ribosomes are the cellular machines responsible for protein synthesis. These small, complex structures are made of ribosomal RNA and proteins, and are unique because they are not surrounded by a membrane – this allows them to be freely distributed throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Their lack of a membrane enables ribosomes to interact with mRNA transcripts and tRNAs to build polypeptide chains quickly and efficiently. This is an essential process for the cell to carry out the instructions encoded by genes. The ability of ribosomes to exist both as free entities or ER-bound allows the cell to control where proteins are synthesized and targeted.

Nucleus Double Membrane

The nucleus, which contains the vast majority of the cell’s genetic material, is encapsulated by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope. This double membrane structure consists of an outer and an inner membrane, each with different protein compositions and functions.

The nuclear envelope is perforated by nuclear pores that control the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus, guarding the DNA and ensuring the regulation of gene expression and DNA replication. Additionally, the space between the two membranes, called the perinuclear space, is continuous with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing for transportation and communication between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.