Question

Read the following statements \((P-T)\) and select the optiom that correctly fills (i) - \((v)\). P. The male frog has a special organ on the throat called (i). Q. (ii) membrane is a part of ear and serves to receive , sound waves. R. Dermis of the frog contains sac-like_(iii) glands. S. Tongue of frog is (iv). I. \((v)\) respiration takes place in lungs on land. (a) (i) - vocal sac, (ii)-Plasma, (iii) - mucous, (iv) trilobed; (v) Pulmonary (b) (i) - vocal sac, (ii) - Tympanic, (iii) - mucous, (iv) bililobed (v) Pulmonary (c) (i) - vocal sac, (ii) - Pleural, (iii) - mucous, (iv) unlilobed, (v) Pulmonary (d) (i) - vocal sac, (ii) - Incus, (iii) - sweat, (iv) multi-lobed; (v) Pulmonary

Short answer

(b) is the correct answer. It includes vocal sac, tympanic membrane, mucous glands, the frog tongue is not specified as bililobed but fits the closest to the context provided, and pulmonary respiration.

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Special Organ on the Male Frog's Throat

The male frog has a special organ on the throat for producing the croaking sound during mating calls. This organ is known as the vocal sac.

Recognize the Part of Ear that Receives Sound Waves

The part of a frog's ear that receives sound waves is the tympanic membrane, which functions similarly to a human's eardrum.

Determine the Dermis Gland Type

The dermis of the frog contains mucous glands which secretes mucous to keep the skin moist, which is necessary for their respiratory functions.

Describe the Structure of Frog's Tongue

The frog’s tongue is typically not multilobed. As frogs use their tongue to capture prey, the description likely refers to the fact that the tongue is protrusible and attached at the front, allowing for a quick extension.

Define the Respiration Method on Land

Frogs have lungs for respiration when they are on land. This type of respiration is known as pulmonary respiration.

Combine All Correct Statements to Select the Option

Combining all the correct statements, we have vocal sac as the organ in the throat, tympanic membrane for ear, mucous glands in the dermis, the tongue of the frog does not have a specific lobed structure mentioned in the typical descriptions, and pulmonary respiration takes place in the lungs on land. The correct option with all these facts is (b).

Key concepts

Vocal Sac

Frogs are well-known for the melodic ribbits and croaks that fill the night air, especially during mating season. These unique sounds come from an anatomical structure called the vocal sac, which is only found in male frogs. The vocal sac is a flexible membrane that expands and contracts, serving essentially as an amplifier for the sounds produced by the frog's larynx. When inflated, it resonates to produce the loud calls we associate with frogs, allowing males to attract females from great distances.

The vocal sac's ability to project sound is essential for communication among frogs, especially in the presence of ambient noise like that of flowing streams or competing calls of other males. It's pretty fascinating that nature has equipped these amphibians with a natural sound system that's so effective for courtship!

Tympanic Membrane

The tympanic membrane, commonly referred to as the eardrum, plays a critical role in the auditory system of frogs. This circular patch of skin, located on the sides of the frog's head, acts like a sensitive drum that vibrates in response to sound waves.

Understanding the Tympanic Membrane's Function

The tympanic membrane's primary function is to convert sound wave vibrations into signals that the frog's brain can interpret. In simple terms, it's the doorway to the frog's hearing capabilities. Moreover, the relative size of the tympanic membrane compared to the frog's body can indicate its sensitivity to various sound frequencies and even determine gender in some frog species, where females may have a smaller tympanic membrane than males.

Understanding these auditory mechanisms is essential for those studying frog behaviors and communications, as well as for students looking to grasp the complexities of amphibian anatomy.

Mucous Glands

Imagine wearing a suit designed to keep you hydrated and protect you from infections; that's essentially the function of frog skin, thanks to mucous glands. These glands produce a slimy substance that coats the frog’s skin. Why is this important, you might wonder? Frogs are amphibians, which means they live both on land and in water, and this slimy mucous serves several crucial purposes.

Protective Moisture Barrier

It maintains moisture, preventing the frog from drying out, but it goes beyond simple hydration. The mucous has antimicrobial properties, warding off harmful bacteria and pathogens. Furthermore, for frogs, skin isn't just for protection – it plays a major role in respiration, as they can breathe through their skin, a process called cutaneous respiration. Therefore, this mucous layer helps facilitate this process, making mucous glands a vital aspect of frog physiology.

Pulmonary Respiration

When it comes to breathing, frogs have an interesting system. On land, their primary method of taking in oxygen is through pulmonary respiration—breathing with lungs, much like humans and many other animals. Frogs’ lungs are simple sac-like structures where gas exchange occurs; oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is expelled.

Pulmonary respiration is crucial for frogs when they are active on land, especially during warmer temperatures when oxygen needs are higher. However, unlike humans, when frogs are in a resting state or submerged, they are capable of respiring through their skin. This dual respiration strategy allows frogs the flexibility to exploit a range of environmental niches and is a fascinating feature that underlines their evolutionary success in diverse habitats.