Question

Match Column-1 with Column-Il and select the correct option from the codes given below. Column-I Column-ll A. \(R B C\) (i) Coagulation B. Antibody (ii) Immunity C. Platelets (iii) Contraction D. Systole (iv) Gas transport (v) Hypertension (a) \(A-(v), B-(i), C-(\) iv), \(D\) - (iii) (b) \(A=(i i), B-(i v), C-(i i), D-(i)\) (c) \(\mathrm{A}-(\mathrm{w}), \mathrm{B}-\) (ii), \(\mathrm{C}-(\mathrm{i}), \mathrm{D}=\mathrm{Ciij}\) (d) \(A-(i i i), B \cdot(v), C=(i i), D .5 v)\)

Short answer

The correct match is option (c): A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Components

We first need to understand the functions of the given components in Column-I. RBC (Red Blood Cells) are primarily responsible for gas transport, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide. Antibodies are involved in immunity, as they help to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Platelets play a key role in blood coagulation, helping to stop bleeding by clotting. Systole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Matching Column-I with Column-II

Now we match each component of Column-I with its correct function from Column-II. A. RBC transports gases, so it matches with (iv) Gas transport. B. Antibody is involved with (ii) Immunity. C. Platelets are associated with (i) Coagulation. D. Systole relates to the heart's contraction, so it matches with (iii) Contraction.

Finding the Correct Option

Based on our matches in Step 2, we identify the correct option. A matches with (iv), B with (ii), C with (i), and D with (iii). The option that corresponds to this pairing is option (c) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii).

Key concepts

RBC Gas Transport

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are crucial for transporting gases within the bloodstream. They carry oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues throughout the body, a process vital for cellular respiration, which is the production of energy within cells. Moreover, RBCs are also responsible for transporting carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, from the tissues back to the lungs to be exhaled.

RBCs contain a protein called hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide, facilitating their transport. The remarkable efficiency of hemoglobin allows one molecule to carry up to four oxygen molecules. This binding is reversible, which means oxygen can be easily released into tissues that need it most. To enhance a student's understanding of RBC gas transport, highlighting the role of hemoglobin can be critical, alongside explaining how oxygen saturation occurs and how it is affected by various factors such as pH and temperature.

Immunity Antibodies

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are specialized proteins that play a crucial role in the body's immune response. Produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell, antibodies identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances that invade the body.

Each antibody is designed to target a specific antigen, which is a unique molecule found on the surface of pathogens. The binding of an antibody to an antigen marks the pathogen for destruction by other immune cells. There are multiple classes of antibodies, each with a distinct function; for example, IgM is typically the first responder during an initial infection, while IgG can provide lasting immunity. For students, understanding that antibodies are tailored to specific antigens can help them grasp how vaccinations work and why certain diseases confer lifelong immunity while others do not.

Blood Coagulation

Blood coagulation is a complex process that leads to the formation of a blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding when blood vessels are damaged. Platelets, along with a series of proteins known as clotting factors, play a pivotal role in this process.

Upon vascular injury, platelets adhere to the damaged area and release chemicals that attract more platelets and initiate the coagulation cascade. This cascade involves a sequential activation of clotting factors that culminate in the transformation of the protein fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a mesh that traps blood cells and solidifies into a stable clot. It's important for students to understand that while blood coagulation is essential to prevent blood loss, it must be tightly regulated to avoid the formation of clots inside uninjured vessels, a condition known as thrombosis.

Heart Systole Contraction

The heart's systole contraction is the phase of the heartbeat where the heart muscle contracts, resulting in the ejection of blood from its chambers into the arteries. During systole, ventricular pressure rises as the ventricles contract, leading to the closure of atrioventricular valves to prevent backflow, and the opening of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) allowing blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

In teaching the concept of systole, it's useful to clarify that systolic blood pressure, the higher number in a blood pressure reading, reflects the pressure in the arteries during this phase of the heartbeat. Students can benefit from diagrams or animations showing the heart cycle, including the electrical impulses that trigger systolic contraction, to better understand the coordinated nature of the heart's pumping action.