Question

Assertion: Integral proteins can't be extracted easily from plasma membrane Reason: Integral proteins are partially or totally embedded in the membrane.

Short answer

The assertion is correct, integral proteins are difficult to extract because they are either partially or totally embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Because they are surrounded by hydrophobic lipid tails, harsh methods that disrupt the lipid bilayer are needed to extract them.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Concept

The foundation of this exercise is understanding what integral proteins are and their role within the plasma membrane. Integral proteins are proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. They play a role in many functions including transport, enzymatic activity, and cell adhesion.

Extracting Integral Proteins

On to the reason provided by the exercise. Integral proteins are not easily extracted because they are embedded within the plasma membrane, surrounded by hydrophobic lipid tails. This makes it difficult for them to be extracted without the use of detergents or other harsh methods that disrupt the lipid bilayer first.

Interpret Assertion

With a basic understanding of integral proteins and their role within the plasma membrane, it's possible to see why it would be difficult to extract them. The exercise asserts that integral proteins are not easily extracted exactly because they are fully or partially embedded within the plasma membrane.

Key concepts

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is a critical structure that encases the cell, providing a boundary between the cell's internal environment and the external world. This membrane is selectively permeable, which means it controls what enters and exits the cell.
The plasma membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which serves as a fluid framework for various other molecules, including proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. Together, these components contribute to the membrane's dynamic nature.
Within the plasma membrane, integral proteins play crucial roles. They assist in transporting molecules across the membrane, act as enzymes to facilitate chemical reactions, and allow cells to communicate with each other through signaling and adhesion.
Integral proteins span the membrane or are embedded within it, making them integral to maintaining the cell's integrity and functionality.

Protein Extraction

The process of protein extraction refers to removing specific proteins from their natural environment, such as the plasma membrane. Extracting integral proteins is challenging due to their location and the nature of the membrane itself.
Integral proteins are embedded within the plasma membrane's hydrophobic core, which means they interact closely with the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids, making simple extraction difficult.
To successfully extract integral proteins, special techniques are used:

• Detergents: Detergents can solubilize the phospholipid bilayer, allowing proteins to be isolated without being damaged.
• Mechanical disruption: Methods like sonication or homogenization break open the cell membranes to free the proteins.
• Solvents: Certain organic solvents can dissolve lipid components, helping to release the embedded proteins.

Understanding these methods is essential for biological research and applications, including studying protein structure and function.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The phospholipid bilayer is a fundamental component of the plasma membrane. It consists of two layers of phospholipids, with hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward and hydrophobic (water-repellent) tails facing inward. This arrangement creates a semi-permeable barrier that shelters the cell.
This bilayer's structure provides fluidity and flexibility, allowing for the movement of proteins and lipids within the membrane while maintaining its integrity.
Integral proteins are nestled within this bilayer, spanning its entire length or partially embedding inside it. The protein’s hydrophobic regions interact with the phospholipid tails, anchoring them and influencing the membrane's permeability and activity.
This balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions is key in maintaining the membrane's selective permeability, ensuring cells can efficiently control their internal environment. Understanding these interactions helps illustrate why integral proteins are such stable components and why extraction poses a challenge.