Question

Chemicals called \(\quad\) are involved in the transmission of impulses at chemical synapse. (a) Neurohormones (b) Neurotransmitters (c) Receptors (d) Interferon

Short answer

(b) Neurotransmitters

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the question

First, recognize that the question is about neurons and their method of transmitting impulses. A chemical synapse is a type of synapse that uses chemical neurotransmitters for signal transmission.

Analyzing the options

Next, look at all the options given. In the context of the neuron, a neurotransmitter is a chemical that transmits signals across a synapse, a receptor is a protein that binds to a specific neurotransmitter, and neurohormones are hormones that are secreted by nerve cells and serve as signals from one neuron to another. Interferon is a protein produced by cells in response to viral infection, and it's not involved in the transmission of impulses in neurons.

Choosing the correct answer

With the understanding of synapses and the roles of the different options, it is clear that the chemicals involved in the transmission of impulses at chemical synapses are neurotransmitters. This makes (b) Neurotransmitters, the correct answer.

Key concepts

Chemical Synapse

In our nervous system, communication between neurons primarily occurs at special junctions called synapses. These are the tiny gaps where the exchange of information happens. Most synapses in the human body are chemical synapses, which rely on chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, to transmit signals from one neuron to another.
At a chemical synapse, the process begins when an electrical signal, or action potential, arrives at the end of a neuron. This causes tiny sacs called vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, the space between two neurons. The neurotransmitters then drift across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the surface of the next neuron.

• Neurotransmitters are crucial because they carry the signal across the synapse.
• Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors is similar to a key fitting into a lock.
• This binding initiates changes in the receiving neuron, allowing the electrical signal to continue its journey.

Through this mechanism, chemical synapses enable complex processes like learning, memory, and mood regulation.

Impulse Transmission

Impulse transmission is the core process by which neurons communicate information. It involves the movement of an electrical signal, called an action potential, along a neuron. The action potential is a rapid change in electrical charge that travels down the neuron like a wave.
When it reaches the end of a neuron, this electrical impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. These chemicals carry the message across the synapse to the next neuron, allowing the signal to continue.

• The integrity of impulse transmission is crucial for responding to stimuli quickly and accurately.
• Neuron-to-neuron communication ensures that information travels through the body efficiently.
• Delays or disruptions in impulse transmission can lead to neurological conditions.

Thus, impulse transmission is fundamental for everyday functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive tasks.

Neuronal Communication

Neuronal communication is the complex process where neurons send and receive signals. It is essential for every action, thought, and emotion. This type of communication can be either electrical or chemical.
In electrical communication, signals are rapidly transmitted along the neuron and between direct cell connections called gap junctions. In contrast, chemical communication involves the release of neurotransmitters at synapses, making it slightly slower but more flexible.

• Neuronal communication allows for the integration and processing of information.
• It facilitates bodily functions such as movement, sensation, and automatic processes like heart rate and digestion.
• It also underpins higher functions like thinking, decision-making, and language.

The efficiency and precision of neuronal communication are critical for maintaining balance and function in our nervous system.