Question

Reflex action is under (a) CNS (b) Spiral cord (c) Peripheral Nervous Stimulation (d) Voluntary response

Short answer

(b) Spinal Cord. Because reflex actions are spontaneous, immediate responses to certain specific stimuli and don't require conscious thought, the spinal cord is responsible for these actions rather than the entire CNS, voluntary responses, or peripheral nervous stimulation.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Reflex Action

Reflex actions are automatic, spontaneous actions that the body performs in response to certain stimuli. This doesn't involve conscious thought or decision-making.

Defining Options

We have four options: a) CNS (Central Nervous System): It controls most functions of the body and mind. It comprises the brain and the spinal cord. b) Spiral cord (possibly a terminology error, could refer to Spinal cord): It connects a large part of the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Information (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord through sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain. c) Peripheral Nervous Stimulation: This refers to the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. d) Voluntary response: These are the responses that are consciously controlled.

Selecting the Correct Option

Reflex actions are immediate actions to stimuli, they do not require higher brain involvement, thus options (a) CNS and (d) Voluntary response can be excluded. Moreover, it's important to mention that reflex actions don't involve peripheral nervous stimulation, hence option (c) can be also ruled out. After examining all the options, we can conclude that the reflex action is under the control of the Spinal cord, which makes option (b) the correct answer.

Key concepts

Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is an integral part of the body's communication and control framework. It consists of two critical components: the brain and the spinal cord. Together, they coordinate most of the voluntary and involuntary functions of the body.
The CNS acts as the command center, processing information the body receives and determining appropriate responses.
While it is crucial for complex decision-making and processing sensory information, the reflex actions, which are immediate responses to stimuli, bypass the higher functions of the brain and directly involve the spinal cord.

• Brain: The control center overseeing thoughts, emotions, and voluntary actions.
• Spinal Cord: Serves as a vital link transmitting information to and from the brain.

The reflex action, however, illustrates the spinal cord's role in rapid automatic responses, thus highlighting the specific function of parts within the CNS.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerves that serves as the backbone of the nervous system. It plays a crucial role in linking the brain to the rest of the body.
It carries signals between the brain and peripheral organs and originates the nerves involved in reflex actions.
The spinal cord is pivotal for reflexes, which are handled without direct input from the brain itself:

• Acts as a conduit for signals traveling to and from the brain.
• Provides paths for neural circuits underpinning reflexes.

Reflex actions involve direct routing through the spinal cord through a neural pathway called the reflex arc. This pathway allows for immediate responses, ensuring the body can react quickly to certain stimuli.
In this role, the spinal cord is directly involved in managing the reflex actions, without engaging the brain's higher-level processes.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises all the nerves outside the central nervous system. It serves as a communication relay between the CNS and the limbs and organs.
The PNS is categorized into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems:

• Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles.
• Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion.

The PNS does not directly handle reflex actions which circumvent the complex processing of the brain using spinal reflex arcs.
Instead, its primary focus is on ensuring communication and carrying signals to and from the CNS. Reflex actions do not require its involvement as significantly as the spinal cord, which acts independently to manage these rapid responses.

Voluntary Response

Voluntary responses are actions that result from deliberate thoughts, often involving decision-making processes managed by the brain. For example, choosing to move your hand or speaking are voluntary responses.
These responses engage higher cognitive processes, distinguishing them significantly from reflex actions which are involuntary and do not necessitate conscious thought.

• Involve decision-making and awareness.
• Managed by the cerebral cortex within the brain.

In contrast, reflex actions occur without conscious thought, emphasizing their automatic and rapid nature.
This highlights the clear functional separation between voluntary responses and reflex actions, where the latter is managed without the involvement of the brain's decision-making areas.