Question

Identify A, B, C, D and E: (a) A-Central Nervous System (CNS), B-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), C-Spinal cord, D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Parasympathetic Neural System (b) A-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), B-Parasympathetic Neural System, C-Central Nervous System (CNS), D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Spinal cord (c) A-Parasympathetic Neural System, B-Spinal cord, C-Central Nervous System (CNS), D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (d) A-Central Nervous System (CNS), B-Spinal cord, C-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Parasympathetic Neural System

Short answer

(a) A-Central Nervous System (CNS), B-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), C-Spinal cord, D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Parasympathetic Neural System. (b) A-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), B-Parasympathetic Neural System, C-Central Nervous System (CNS), D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Spinal cord. (c) A-Parasympathetic Neural System, B-Spinal cord, C-Central Nervous System (CNS), D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). (d) A-Central Nervous System (CNS), B-Spinal cord, C-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), D-Sympathetic Neural System, E-Parasympathetic Neural System

Step-by-step solution

Identifying labels in option (a)

In option (a), A refers to the Central Nervous System (CNS), B to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), C to the Spinal cord, D to the Sympathetic Neural System, and E to the Parasympathetic Neural System.

Identifying labels in option (b)

In option (b), A refers to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), B to the Parasympathetic Neural System, C to the Central Nervous System (CNS), D to the Sympathetic Neural System, and E to the Spinal cord.

Identifying labels in option (c)

In option (c), A refers to the Parasympathetic Neural System, B to the Spinal cord, C to the Central Nervous System (CNS), D to the Sympathetic Neural System, and E to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Identifying labels in option (d)

In option (d), A refers to the Central Nervous System (CNS), B to the Spinal cord, C to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), D to the Sympathetic Neural System, and E to the Parasympathetic Neural System.

Key concepts

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the control center of the body. It comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain acts as the command center, processing sensory information, and issuing commands.
The spinal cord is a crucial pathway for transmitting information between the brain and the rest of the body.

• This system is protected by the skull and vertebrae, ensuring it is safeguarded from external damage.
• The CNS is responsible for higher functions such as thought, emotion, and memories.

Its functioning is critical for daily life and involves complex networks to manage reflexes and voluntary actions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) acts as a communication navigation tool for various parts of your body to transmit and receive signals to and from the CNS. It includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting these to muscles, organs, and glands.

• The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movement.
• It also includes the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions.

Engaging multiple networks, the PNS allows for the swift relay of signals that make movement and sensory responses possible, enabling us to react promptly to our environment.

Sympathetic Neural System

The Sympathetic Neural System is a part of the autonomic nervous system and is often referred to as the "fight or flight" system. It prepares the body for situations requiring high energy and alertness.

• When activated, it increases heart rate, dilates the pupils, and relaxes airways to improve airflow to the lungs.
• It also inhibits non-essential functions like digestion to conserve energy.

This part of the neural system allows the body to respond quickly to threats or challenges, ensuring survival.

Parasympathetic Neural System

The Parasympathetic Neural System functions as a counterpart to the sympathetic system. Its role is to conserve energy by slowing the heart rate and increasing intestinal and gland activity.

• This system is often labeled as the "rest and digest" system.
• It promotes relaxation and recovery by reversing the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

After any stressful situation, this system helps the body to regain normal function and supports in maintaining a balanced internal environment.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is an elongated, cylindrical structure that acts as a conduit for information traveling between the brain and the rest of the body. It is housed in the vertebral column, providing both support and protection.

• The spinal cord is essential for reflex actions and transmitting nerve signals to and from the brain.
• It consists of nerve fibers that carry sensory data to the brain and motor commands from the brain.

Due to its pivotal role, the spinal cord is crucial for both voluntary movements and automatic reflexes, making it fundamental in the scope of the nervous system.