Question

Which of the following is true about vertebral column? (a) Each vertebra in vertebral column has a central hollow protein (Neural canal) through which spinal cord pass. (b) The first vertebra in vertebral column is atlas and it articulates with the occipital condyle. (c) Vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as the point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back. (d) All the above

Short answer

All statements a, b, and c are correct. So, the answer is (d) All the above.

Step-by-step solution

Evaluate statement (a)

The statement says that each vertebra has a central hollow portion, known as the neural canal, through which the spinal cord passes. This is indeed true, as the neural canal provides a protective path for the spinal cord.

Evaluate statement (b)

The statement that the first vertebra is called the atlas and that it articulates with the occipital condyle is correct. The atlas vertebra is the topmost one, directly supporting the skull through the occipital condyle.

Evaluate statement (c)

This statement says that the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and serves as the point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back. This is indeed the case, making this statement true.

Conclude

Since statements (a), (b), and (c) are all true based on known facts about the vertebral column, the correct answer is (d) All the above

Key concepts

Neural Canal

The neural canal is a critical space within each vertebra of the vertebral column. Imagine it as a tunnel running the length of the spine through the center of every vertebra. This canal is not just an empty space; it has the essential function of housing and safeguarding the spinal cord, a vital component of the central nervous system. Contrary to what one might think, the spinal cord is not a loose structure, but rather it's snugly encased by this bony channel, offering it protection from physical damage while still allowing it to transmit nerve signals efficiently between the brain and the body.

Understanding the significance of the neural canal can also underscore how conditions like spinal stenosis, where this canal is narrowed, could potentially lead to serious neurological issues. Nursing an appreciation for this key structural feature gives us a window into the delicate balance of strength and vulnerability within the vertebral column.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is akin to a superhighway for nerve impulses, serving as the communication cable between the brain and the rest of the body. It is encased within the protection of the vertebral column's neural canals, from the neck down to the lower back. This elongated, cylindrical structure is responsible not only for transmitting signals but also for critical reflex actions.

Complex Yet Delicate

The spinal cord's complexity is matched by its delicacy; it's vulnerable to injuries which can lead to loss of motor or sensory functions. This underscores the importance of understanding the spinal cord when studying spinal injuries and diseases such as paraplegia, quadriplegia, or multiple sclerosis. Its crucial role in maintaining bodily functions makes the spinal cord a fundamental topic when delving into vertebrate anatomy.

Atlas Vertebra

The atlas vertebra, known as C1, is unique in the vertebral column. It forms a pivotal junction between the skull and the spine. Unlike the other vertebrae, it doesn't have a body, but rather consists of a ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches, and large lateral masses.

The Cradle of the Skull

This vertebra is named after the Greek Titan Atlas who held up the heavens, as the atlas vertebra supports the globe of the head. It pivots around the second vertebra, the axis, enabling the head to turn from side to side. This distinct mechanical feature allows for a wide range of head movements, a freedom not granted at other levels of the spine. Learning about the atlas vertebra can enlighten one on the nuances of upper cervical spine mobility and its implications in neck injuries and conditions.

Occipital Condyle

The occipital condyle is a part of the human skull, positioned on either side of the foramen magnum – a large opening at the base of the skull. These rounded protrusions are like the 'rocking feet' of the skull, connecting it to the atlas vertebra and allowing for nodding and rotational movements of the head.

The Skull-Spine Interface

Each occipital condyle articulates with its corresponding facet on the atlas, creating the atlanto-occipital joint. When you nod in agreement or shake your head in disbelief, it's these very joints that are at play. Studying the occipital condyle can be eye-opening regarding the anatomical basis of head movements and is critical in understanding conditions that impact the craniovertebral junction.

Skeletal Anatomy

Skeletal anatomy is the foundation of studying how the human body is built and functions. It encompasses the entire framework of bones that give our body structure, protection to vital organs, and the ability to move. The vertebral column is a central pillar of this anatomy, not just figuratively but also in terms of stability and balance.

More Than Just Bones

Encompassing more than just the bones, skeletal anatomy also includes the joints, such as the atlas-occipital joint, and the cartilage in between them, and it is vital for understanding how different parts of the body interact with one another mechanically. It's a fascinating field that lays a ground for better understanding medical fields like orthopedics, kinesiology, and physical therapy.