Question

Select the total number of disease from the following caused by bacteria: Mumps, Smallpox, Citrus canker, Cholera, Typhoid, Tetanus, Sleeping sickness, Malaria (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

Short answer

(b) 4

Step-by-step solution

Identifying the bacterial diseases

To solve this problem, one must identify the bacterial diseases from the list. Here is the breakdown of the diseases: Mumps - caused by a virus; Smallpox - caused by a virus; Citrus canker - caused by a bacterium; Cholera - caused by a bacterium; Typhoid - caused by a bacterium; Tetanus - caused by a bacterium; Sleeping sickness - caused by a parasite; Malaria - caused by a parasite.

Counting the bacterial diseases

After identifying the diseases caused by bacteria, we can now count them to get the total. The bacterial diseases in the list are Citrus canker, Cholera, Typhoid, and Tetanus. Hence, the total number of bacterial diseases is 4.

Key concepts

Citrus canker

Citrus canker is a bacterial disease affecting citrus plants, such as oranges, lemons, and limes. It is caused by the bacterium *Xanthomonas axonopodis*. This disease is highly contagious among citrus trees and spreads primarily through wind-driven rain. Farmers often notice symptoms as raised lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit. These lesions are brownish, surrounded by an oily, water-soaked margin and a yellow halo. Such symptoms not only weaken the plant but also lead to significant economic losses due to reduced fruit quality.
To manage citrus canker, agricultural experts often recommend several strategies:

• Planting resistant varieties to reduce the impact.
• Implementing strict quarantine measures to prevent the spread.
• Employing chemical treatments like copper-based sprays to control the disease.

Despite these measures, completely eradicating citrus canker remains very challenging.

Cholera

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium *Vibrio cholerae*. It is primarily transmitted through contaminated water and food. The disease is known for causing severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if not treated promptly.
Some important aspects of cholera include:

• Symptoms often appear within hours to days after ingestion of the bacteria.
• Prompt treatment involves rehydration through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or, in severe cases, intravenous fluids.
• Avoiding exposure by improving sanitation and ensuring safe drinking water is crucial.

Cholera outbreaks are most common in areas with poor sanitation, and global efforts aim at improving water quality to prevent the disease.

Typhoid

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by the bacterium *Salmonella Typhi*. It spreads through contaminated food and water, typical in regions with inadequate sanitation facilities. People infected with typhoid experience high fever, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
Addressing typhoid involves several approaches:

• Antibiotic treatment effectively clears the infection.
• Vaccination is available for those traveling to high-risk areas.
• Emphasizing hygiene, such as washing hands and eating properly cooked food, helps prevent transmission.

Access to clean water and proper waste disposal are vital in controlling typhoid fever.

Tetanus

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a serious bacterial infection caused by *Clostridium tetani*. This bacterium is commonly found in soil, dust, and animal feces, and enters the body through wounds, especially deep cuts or punctures. Tetanus is characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms, often starting in the jaw.
Preventive measures are crucial for tetanus because the disease can be severe:

• Vaccination with the tetanus toxoid vaccine is the most effective prevention method.
• Booster shots are recommended every 10 years.
• Proper wound care and sanitation are essential to avoid infection.

Although rare in many places due to successful vaccination programs, tetanus remains a threat in areas with low vaccination coverage.