Question

Each nephron consists of (a) Glomerulus (b) Renal tubules (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Calyces

Short answer

The correct answer is option (c) Both (a) and (b), Glomerulus and Renal Tubules.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the components of the Nephron

A Nephron, the basic functional unit of kidney, is primarily made up of two main parts. The first is the Glomerulus, a tiny ball-shaped structure composed of capillary blood vessels. The second part is the Renal Tubule, a tube that is connected at one end to the glomerulus and at the other end to a collecting duct.

Choose the Correct Option

Based on the understanding of the structure of the nephron, it is evident that both Glomerulus and Renal Tubules are part of each nephron. Thus, the correct option is (c) Both (a) and (b). The Calyces is not a part of the nephron, they are the extensions of the kidney pelvis and act as funnels to transmit urine from the renal tubules to the renal pelvis.

Key concepts

glomerulus

The glomerulus is a critical structure within the nephron, the kidney's basic functional unit. It resembles a small ball, consisting of a network of tiny blood vessels known as capillaries. These capillaries facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and the nephron. When blood flows through the glomerulus, filtration occurs. This process involves the selective movement of water, ions, and small molecules such as glucose and urea from the blood into a component known as Bowman's capsule, which surrounds the glomerulus.

Key points about the glomerulus include:

• It acts as the first stage of filtering blood within the nephron.
• Its structure is uniquely designed to maximize filtration efficiency.
• It prevents large molecules like proteins and blood cells from entering the nephron.

This efficient filtration process is crucial for maintaining the body's homeostasis by regulating the composition and volume of blood.

renal tubules

Renal tubules play a pivotal role in the intricate process of urine formation. After filtration occurs in the glomerulus, the filtered fluid passes into the renal tubules, where further processing takes place. These tubules are divided into several sections, each with specific functions.

Main sections of the renal tubules include:

• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs the majority of the filtered nutrients, water, and ions back into the bloodstream.
• Loop of Henle: Concentrates the urine by reabsorbing water and salts. It has a descending limb (focused on water reabsorption) and an ascending limb (focused on salt reabsorption).
• Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Responsible for additional reabsorption and secretion, regulated partly by hormones.
• Collecting Duct: Transports the final urine product into the renal pelvis. This is where urine's final concentration is determined.

The renal tubules are essential for the fine-tuning of urine composition, balancing the body's fluid and electrolyte levels.

kidney structure

Understanding the overall structure of the kidney aids in comprehending how functions are organized within this vital organ. The kidney is a bean-shaped organ prominently featuring the nephron, which is its core functional unit. However, the kidney's structure encompasses more than just nephrons.

Key components of kidney structure include:

• Renal Cortex: The outer layer where most nephrons are located.
• Renal Medulla: The inner region, containing the loops of Henle and collecting ducts, organized into pyramid shapes.
• Renal Pelvis: A funnel-shaped section that collects urine from the collecting ducts and transfers it to the ureter.
• Calyces: These act as passageways, channeling urine from the renal pyramids to the renal pelvis.

Each structural component is essential for the kidney's ability to filter blood, reabsorb necessary substances, and excrete waste effectively. The harmonious interplay of these structures ensures precise regulation of body fluids and electrolytes.