Question

Sino-Atrial node (SAN) can generate impulses (a) \(70-75 \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\) (b) \(50-55 \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\) (c) \(35-40 \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\) (d) \(90-100 \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\)

Short answer

Based on the understanding of the normal function of the heart's Sino-Atrial node (SAN), the correct answer is provide under option (a) which states that the SAN can generate impulses at a rate of 70-75 per minute.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the concept of Sino-Atrial node (SAN)

The Sino-Atrial node (abbreviated as SAN), also known as the sinus node, is a small mass of specialized cells located in the right atrium (upper chamber) of the heart. It generates the electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat, and thus is sometimes referred to as the 'natural pacemaker' of the heart.

Know how fast SAN generate impulses

While the exact rate can vary among individuals and can be influenced by various factors (such as physical activity, rest, stress, and certain medical conditions), under normal resting conditions in a healthy adult, the SAN typically generates impulses at a rate of about 70 to 75 times per minute.

Compare the provided options with the known fact

Comparing the provided options to the known rate of impulse generation by the SAN, it's seen that the range of 70-75 impulses per minute aligns with our understanding of the typical SAN rate.

Key concepts

Heart Rate

The heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute. It is a critical factor in maintaining effective blood circulation throughout your body.
A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. However, athletes or people who engage in regular vigorous exercise may have lower resting heart rates.

• This is because their heart muscle is in better condition and doesn't need to work as hard to maintain a steady beat.
• Factors such as stress, hydration, activity level, illness, and even time of the day can influence heart rate.

Understanding your heart rate can help you monitor your physical fitness and overall health. Keeping track of changes in your heart rate and knowing your normal range can be important for detecting potential health issues early.

Natural Pacemaker

The natural pacemaker of the heart refers to the Sino-Atrial node (SAN), which is responsible for regulating the electrical impulses in the heart.
It is located in the right atrium and plays a crucial role in setting the rhythm and pace of the heartbeat.
The SAN generates electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat, typically at a rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute in a resting state.

The SAN's function is essential for maintaining a consistent heart rhythm:

• The impulses start at the SAN and spread throughout the heart, leading to a coordinated contraction of the heart muscle.
• If the SAN fails to function properly, the heart rhythm can become irregular, leading to conditions such as arrhythmias.

The heart's natural pacemaker ensures that each part of the heart receives the proper cues to contract, keeping the blood moving smoothly through the body.

Cardiac Impulses

Cardiac impulses are the electrical signals that stimulate the heart to contract. These impulses are crucial for maintaining the heartbeat and ensuring blood is effectively pumped throughout the body.
The Sino-Atrial node initiates these impulses, making it the primary pacemaker of the heart.

Once generated, the impulse travels through the heart:

• The impulse first spreads across the atria, causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles.
• Then, it moves to the Atrioventricular node, travels down the bundle of His, and spreads through the ventricles, prompting their contraction.

This sequence ensures the heart contracts and relaxes in sync, maintaining an effective cycle of blood flow. Problems with the generation or conduction of cardiac impulses can significantly impact heart function and lead to various cardiac conditions.

Right Atrium

The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. It plays a vital role in the cycle of blood circulation.
It is located on the upper right side of the heart and acts as the receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood returning from the body through the superior and inferior vena cavae.

• Once it receives the deoxygenated blood, the right atrium contracts to push the blood into the right ventricle.
• From there, the blood is sent to the lungs to receive oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

The right atrium is also where the Sino-Atrial node is located, emphasizing its importance as the starting point for each heartbeat.
Understanding the function of the right atrium is important for grasping how blood is circulated and oxygenated in the body.