Question

Where is apoplastic movement shifted to symplastic pathway? (a) Cortex (b) Endodermis (c) Pericycle (d) Xylem

Short answer

The apoplastic movement shifts to the symplastic pathway at the endodermis.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Pathways

First, it is important to understand what the apoplastic and symplastic pathways are. The apoplastic pathway is when water and solutes move along the cell walls, and the symplastic pathway is when they move through the cytoplasm of the cells.

Identifying the Transition Point

Next, we need to search for the point where the apoplastic movement changes to the symplastic. This transition occurs when the water and solutes reach a layer of cells that they cannot pass through using the apoplastic pathway.

Applying the Knowledge

Knowing that, we can evaluate the options: the transition happens at the endodermis. The endodermal cells have a belt of lignin and suberin, known as the Casparian strip, causing water and solutes to pass through these cells, which allows the plant to control the substances that enter the vascular tissue.

Key concepts

Plant Water Transport

In the study of plant physiology, understanding how water moves through a plant is essential. Plant water transport involves two primary pathways: the apoplastic and the symplastic. Water and dissolved minerals travel through the apoplastic pathway by moving along the cell walls and intercellular spaces without crossing any membranes. This mode of transport is essentially a continuum of free spaces outside the plasma membrane.

The symplastic pathway, however, entails water and solutes crossing cell membranes and moving through the cytoplasm. Transport in this pathway occurs via plasmodesmata, which are tiny channels that connect adjacent plant cells, allowing for direct cytoplasmic exchange. Both pathways are critical for the distribution of water from the roots, where it's absorbed from the soil, to the leaves, where it can be used in photosynthesis or evaporated into the atmosphere through transpiration.

• Apoplastic pathway – Movement along the cell walls.
• Symplastic pathway – Movement through the cytoplasm.
• Transport occurs from roots to leaves.

Casparian Strip

The Casparian strip is a key feature in the context of plant water regulation and selective nutrient absorption. It is a band of waxy material, composed of suberin, that encircles each endodermal cell within a plant's roots. The role of the Casparian strip is to block the apoplastic pathway, thus forcing water and solutes to cross into the endodermis' plasma membrane, effectively entering the symplastic pathway.

This transition is necessary because it ensures that the plant has a measure of control over what substances enter the vascular system. Plants need to regulate the movement of harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients and water to pass through. The Casparian strip acts as a checkpoint for this process, demonstrating an intriguing aspect of how plants maintain internal balance.

• Waxy, suberin-based band.
• Forces transition from apoplastic to symplastic pathway.
• Regulates substance passage into the vascular system.

Endodermis

The endodermis is the innermost layer of cells in the plant's cortex, surrounding the vascular tissue. This critical layer serves as a selective barrier, controlling the flow of water and soluble substances into the plant's vascular system. Endodermal cells are unique because each cell is wrapped with the Casparian strip, which dramatically changes how transport occurs at this juncture.

Since the Casparian strip is impermeable to water and solutes, it forces any apoplastic movement into the symplastic pathway, ensuring materials are selectively transported into the vascular tissue like the xylem and phloem. This selective screening provided by the endodermis helps to protect the integrity of the plant's internal nutrient and water balance, affording a meticulous control mechanism that is essential to the plant's overall survival.

• Innermost cortical layer.
• Contains Casparian strip.
• Selective barrier to the vascular tissues.

Plant Physiology

Plant physiology encompasses the study of how plants function; it includes the exploration of mechanisms like photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and water transport. The movement of water from the roots to the leaves is a process of extraordinary complexity, involving different tissues and cell types, each with specialized functions. Understanding such processes is critical, as water is a necessary component for most physiological processes in plants, including nutrient transport, photosynthesis, and temperature regulation.

The interaction between apoplastic and symplastic pathways and features like the Casparian strip and endodermis illustrate the intricate regulatory systems plants have evolved to ensure that adequate nutrition and hydration are maintained. All these processes exemplify the sophisticated interactions at play within plant physiology, revealing the beauty and complexity of life at the cellular level in plant organisms.

• Study of plant functions and processes.
• Involves water and nutrient transport systems.
• Illustrates the complex regulation within plants.