Question

Which is the only FDA approved medication for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? a. memantine b. lamotrigine c. riluzole d. coenzyme Q10

Short answer

a. memantine b. lamotrigine c. riluzole d. coenzyme Q10 Answer: c. riluzole

Step-by-step solution

List the given options

The given medications options are: a. memantine b. lamotrigine c. riluzole d. coenzyme Q10

Research the FDA-approved medication for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

To find the correct answer, we need to research these medications and whether they are FDA-approved for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Identify the correct answer

Based on the research, the only FDA-approved medication for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among the given options is: c. riluzole

Provide the final answer

The only FDA-approved medication for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is riluzole (option c).

Key concepts

Understanding Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, often abbreviated as ALS, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. It primarily affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. These nerve cells are responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, which we use for activities like walking, talking, and breathing. The degenerative nature of ALS leads to a gradual loss of muscle control and strength.
One of the most noticeable initial symptoms of ALS is muscle weakness, which can begin in the arms and legs. Over time, the symptoms worsen, affecting swallowing, speaking, and ultimately breathing.
ALS is often diagnosed through a combination of medical history reviews, neurological exams, and diagnostic tests. Unfortunately, the cause of ALS is still unknown, although genetic mutations or environmental factors may play a role.

• Progressive disease with no known cure.
• Primarily affects voluntary muscles.
• Diagnosis involves multiple tests and evaluations.

How Riluzole Helps ALS Patients

Riluzole is a medication specifically approved by the FDA to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It works by modulating the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is believed to play a role in the neural damage associated with ALS. By reducing the activity of glutamate, riluzole may help slow down nerve cell damage, potentially extending the survival of patients and delaying the need for mechanical ventilation.
Although riluzole is not a cure for ALS, studies suggest that it can prolong life expectancy by a few months. The standard form of riluzole is taken orally in tablet form, generally twice a day, either before or after a meal to improve absorption and reduce side effects.
It's essential to note that while riluzole can help manage symptoms, it should be used as part of a broader treatment plan, which could include physical therapy and nutritional support.

• Reduces glutamate to slow nerve damage.
• Administered orally, typically twice daily.
• Part of a comprehensive care strategy.

Introduction to Pharmacology: Riluzole's Role

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. When it comes to riluzole, understanding its pharmacology involves analyzing how the drug behaves in the body and how it contributes to treating ALS.
Riluzole's mode of action in the CNS (central nervous system) focuses on minimizing the excitotoxicity caused by excessive glutamate. This neurotransmitter is crucial for normal brain function, but in excessive amounts, it contributes to the degeneration seen in ALS.
For pharmacologists, developing riluzole involved rigorous research into its safety, efficacy, and optimal usage. It went through numerous clinical trials before achieving FDA approval, showcasing its ability to extend survival time in patients and its relative safety as a long-term medication.
By studying riluzole's pharmacokinetics—how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted—scientists have ensured that it can be effectively used as part of ALS treatment strategies.

• Focuses on minimizing excitotoxicity.
• Underwent extensive clinical trials.
• Insight into pharmacokinetics is critical for effective use.