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Chapter 37: Problem 15

Evaluation of the effects of drugs of abuse can be complicated by a number of factors, including: a. The effects of the sympathetic nervous system on immune cell function. b. The effects of the HPA axis on immune cell function. c. The capacity of cells of the immune system to produce endogenous opioids. d. The production of endogenous cannabinoids in the periphery. e. All of the above.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: All of the above factors, including the sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, production of endogenous opioids, and endogenous cannabinoids, complicate the evaluation of the effects of drugs of abuse on immune cell function.

Step by step solution

01

Evaluate each factor.

Consider the effects and implications of each option: a. The sympathetic nervous system plays a significant role in regulating immune cell functions. b. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis affects the immune system's functionality. c. Cells of the immune system can produce endogenous opioids, which can influence the immune response. d. The production of endogenous cannabinoids in the periphery can interfere with the immune system. Step 2: Comparing the options
02

Identify the most affecting factor.

Each of the factors mentioned can have a considerable impact on immune cell function and can complicate the evaluation of drug abuse effects. Therefore, taking account of all these factors would be necessary when evaluating the effects of drugs of abuse. Step 3: Choosing the correct option
03

Select the fitting answer.

Since all the factors mentioned in options a, b, c, and d can complicate the evaluation of the effects of drugs of abuse, the correct choice here is: e. All of the above.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

All of the following influence the effect of opioids on susceptibility to HIV infection EXCEPT: a. Opioids alter the expression of chemokine receptors that are co-receptors for HIV-1. b. Opioids increase the expression of some chemokines, which may promote the attraction of additional susceptible target cells for HIV infection. c. Opioids increase the expression of chemokines, which, for an individual cell, may block viral replication by blockading the chemokine coreceptor. d. Opioids alter the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, and this would be expected to significantly alter the kinetics of the infection. e. Opioids would be expected to alter the expression of cytokines that may, in turn, alter the replication rate of the virus in monocytes and \(\mathrm{T}\) cells.

Morphine most probably affects the progression of HIV infection by all of the following EXCEPT: a. Changing the level of chemokine receptors. b. Changing the level of chemokines. c. Causing T-cells to undergo uncontrolled cell division. d. Mediating heterologous desensitization of chemokine receptors. e. Altering cytokine levels.

Morphine and/or DAMGO treatment results in decreases in which of the following? a. Apoptosis b. Pro-inflammatory chemokine production c. Serum antibody responses d. TGF- \(\beta\) e. All of the above

It is observed that morphine given subcutaneously suppresses responses of spleen cells put into tissue culture with the T-cell mitogen Concanavalin \(\mathbf{A}\) (Con A). a. Mice with a disruption of the gene coding the mu opioid receptor (Mu Opioid Receptor knock-out mice), would not show suppression to \(\operatorname{Con} \mathrm{A}\). b. Morphine acts mainly through the kappa opioid receptor. c. Morphine is mainly metabolized to heroin when it is injected in vivo. d. Methyl-morphine could not be used to determine if peripheral receptors or brain receptors are involved in the immunosuppression. e. None of the above.

The function of \(\mathrm{G}\) protein-coupled receptors, such as the opioid and cannabinoid receptors, can be regulated by the process of heterologous desensitization. Which of the following statements is true about this regulatory mechanism? a. This process occurs when the activation of one receptor leads to an increased expression of a second receptor. b. This process only occurs between receptors expressed on the surfaces of adjacent cells. c. This process cannot occur between receptors expressed on the same cell. d. This is a process that appears to involve transphophorylation of \(\mathrm{G}\) protein-coupled receptors. e. All of the above
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