Question

The proposed neurotransmitter imbalance in major depression is best characterized by: a. increased serotonin, increased glutamate, reduced norepinephrine b. increased serotonin, increased norepinephrine, reduced glutamate c. increased glutamate, decreased serotonin, decreased norepinephrine d. none of the above

Short answer

Answer: In major depression, the most common neurotransmitter imbalances observed are increased glutamate, decreased serotonin, and decreased norepinephrine.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the role of serotonin in major depression

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness. It plays a role in regulating mood, and a deficiency in serotonin is commonly associated with major depression. So, in major depression, serotonin levels are generally decreased.

Understand the role of norepinephrine in major depression

Norepinephrine is another neurotransmitter that affects mood, attention, and alertness. It is involved in the stress response and is often found to be reduced in people with major depression. Thus, in cases of major depression, norepinephrine levels are typically decreased.

Understand the role of glutamate in major depression

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a crucial role in cognitive functions like learning and memory. It has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression, with research suggesting an increase in the levels of glutamate in people affected by depression.

Identify the appropriate option

Based on the information provided in Steps 1-3, we can see that major depression is characterized by decreased serotonin, decreased norepinephrine, and increased glutamate. The option that best fits this description is: c. increased glutamate, decreased serotonin, decreased norepinephrine