Question

Features of the apolipoprotein \(\mathbf{E}-4\) allele include a. increased susceptibility to late-onset \(\mathrm{AD}\). b. modification of age-at-onset in AD. c. a dose dependent effect on age-at-onset in \(\mathrm{AD}\). d. an association with other neurodegenerative diseases in addition to \(\mathrm{AD}\). e. all of the above.

Short answer

Answer: e. all of the above (impact on Alzheimer's Disease, modification of age-at-onset in AD, dose-dependent effects on AD, association with other neurodegenerative diseases).

Step-by-step solution

Analyze the impact on Alzheimer's Disease

The apolipoprotein E-4 allele is known to be associated with an increased susceptibility to late-onset AD. This means that people with this allele are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease later in life.

Analyze the modification of age-at-onset in AD

Apolipoprotein E-4 allele has been found to modify the age-at-onset in Alzheimer's Disease. Individuals carrying this allele are more likely to develop AD at an earlier age compared to those who do not have the allele.

Analyze the dose-dependent effect on age-at-onset in AD

Research has shown that the dose-dependent effect of the apolipoprotein E-4 allele on age-at-onset in AD exists. This means that the more copies of the E-4 allele a person has, the earlier they are likely to develop Alzheimer's Disease.

Analyze the association with other neurodegenerative diseases

Apolipoprotein E-4 allele has been found to be associated with other neurodegenerative diseases such as Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, in addition to Alzheimer's Disease.

Determine the correct answer

After analyzing each statement, it is evident that all of the given features are true for the apolipoprotein E-4 allele. Therefore, the correct answer is: e. all of the above.