Question

Immune cells involved in the evolution of ischemic brain lesions include: a. Microglia b. Neutrophils c. Monocytes d. Lymphocytes e. All of the above

Short answer

a. Microglia b. Neutrophils c. Monocytes d. Lymphocytes e. All of the above Answer: e. All of the above

Step-by-step solution

Understanding ischemic brain lesions

Ischemic brain lesions occur when there is insufficient blood flow to the brain, resulting in a lack of oxygen, glucose, and other necessary nutrients. This can lead to tissue damage and cell death in the affected area. Ischemia can be caused by various factors, such as a blood clot or reduced blood pressure, which could lead to stroke.

Microglia

Microglia are specialized immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that function as the main form of active immune defense in the brain. They play a crucial role in the responses against brain damage, infections, and inflammation. In ischemic brain lesions, microglia become activated and release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the increase of inflammation and tissue damage.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells and the first responders of our immune system. They are involved in acute inflammation, where they release enzymes and proteins that help destroy bacteria and damaged cells. In ischemic brain lesions, neutrophils infiltrate the ischemic area and may exacerbate inflammation and tissue damage.

Monocytes

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream and enters tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. They play a crucial role in inflammation and phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and digesting cellular debris and pathogens. In ischemic brain lesions, monocytes may enter the injury site and contribute to the inflammatory response.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that play a significant role in the immune system, specifically in adaptive immune responses. They include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. In the context of ischemic brain lesions, T cells and NK cells have been found to infiltrate the ischemic area and contribute to the inflammatory response, potentially worsening tissue damage.

Answer

Considering the roles of microglia, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in the context of ischemic brain lesions, the correct answer to the exercise is: e. All of the above