Question

Which line(s) of evidence from human studies support that the immune inflammatory response in \(\mathrm{ALS}\) has a role in amplifying disease progression? a. Increased expression of myeloid dendritic cells mRNA transcripts in ALS spinal cord that correlates with a faster rate of progression b. Increased mRNA expressions of the chemokine MCP-1, and the cytokine macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) in ALS spinal cord, which attracts and induces differentiation of monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, respectively. c. Both a and b d. Neither a or b

Short answer

Answer: Both a and b

Step-by-step solution

Analyze option a

Option a states that there is an increased expression of myeloid dendritic cells mRNA transcripts in ALS spinal cord, which correlates with a faster rate of progression. This suggests that the immune-inflammatory response in ALS indeed has a role in disease progression.

Analyze option b

Option b states that there is increased mRNA expressions of the chemokine MCP-1, and the cytokine macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) in ALS spinal cord. These molecules attract and induce differentiation of monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, respectively. This finding also supports the involvement of immune-inflammatory response in ALS disease progression.

Consider options c and d

Option c combines options a and b, while option d suggests that neither a nor b provides evidence for the immune-inflammatory response in ALS disease progression. Since we have already determined that both options a and b provide evidence of immune-inflammatory response involvement in ALS disease progression, option c would be the correct answer.

Conclusion

Therefore, the correct answer is option c (Both \(\mathbf{a}\) and \(\mathbf{b}\)) since both options a and b provide evidence that supports the role of immune-inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease progression.